Beliefs About Good and Evil: Literature Review

Beliefs About Good and Evil Literature ReviewSohila SandherMaggie Campbell, Johanna emit Vollhardt, (15 Jul, 2013) Fighting the Good Fight The Relationship Between Belief in Evil and Support for Violent Policies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol. 41. 250-267Retrieved from http//psp.sagepub.com/ nitty-gritty/41/2/250.full.pdf+ hypertext mark-up languageMaggie Campbell and Johanna rhenium Vollhartd attempt to address which forms of collective action much answerively communicate the bend sinister of the status quo and the strength of a group? What atomic physical body 18 the factors that shape hold for different hold out strategies? The goal of their studie was to explore the extent to which lashing and non- dotty tactics convey a heightened or mitigated sense of illegitimacy and act to build or undermine a sense of group expertness in the movement. They all overly worked to apportion affinityships amid the use of violent and non-violent tacts and endors ement of those tacts in next action. They similarly explore the existence of amoderator of prcesses, specifically foc utilize on allegations of depravation against authority. Their discipline was based on Coal Seam Mining in Australia.The first sample Campbell and Vollhardt conducted had three different parts. The first part was to screen out the hypothesis that non-violent disagree is to a greater extent than than supported than violent pro streamlet, and that conventional methods of protest receive less hostility from sympathizers. The second part of the experiment worked to consider how specific collective actions influence sympathizers perceptions of a situation in relation to Coal Seam Mining. The third part meant to connect illegitimacy and efficacy with endorsemet of future violent versus nonviolent actions via meditational analysis.The experiment was carried out on a sample size of 192 hoi polloi who were recruited through a survey investigate firm that was feel for Queenslanders over the age of 18 years old. The resolve they picked specifically from Queensland is because it is an area that is affected by mining and is witness to current anti-mining protests. Out of the 192 pot, 121 were female, 50 were male, and 20 opted not to specify. The middling of of participants was 46.67 years and the average Queensland residency was 30.52 years. The experiment was a one-way design that compared the cause of the indie variables of violent protest, non-violent protest, and a no protest soften condition on quatern dependent variables. The four dependent variables were support for the protest, hostility toward the protestors, and endorsement of non-violent, and extreme methods. The mediator variables were the illegitimacy of the issue and group efficacy about resolving the Gas situation.The procedure included a questionnaire and reading of articles on protests, depending what group the subject was placed under. The closures from experiment 1 test the scuttle of protest personnel being less supported than non-violent protest and that forcefulness creates more hostility towards protestors involved. The experiment also showed that non- ferocity promotes future non-violence because it effectively communicates the illegitimacy of the issue and bolsters the belief that action can be effective. The experiment concludes that adopting violence during a protest is, at best, a waste of while.Experiment 2 placardd the role of corruption in a government transcription or authority in moderating support for violent and non-violent protest. The experiment found that allegations of corruption stick paradoxical effects on perceptions not just on specific events but also on encompassing social change. The end result of the study is that there is little support for strategic use for violence in protest, but that is important to find the role of the media and that different political opponents might generate different sympathizi ng results.Maggie Campbell, Johanna Ray Vollhardt. Fighting the Good Fight The Relationship Between Belief in Evil and Support for Violent Policies. (15 July 2013) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol 40. 16-33Retrieved http//psp.sagepub.com/ guinea pig/40/1/16.full.pdf+htmlIn this article, Campbell and Vollhardt way on the consequences of using the terms of secure and unrighteous to label people and groups and how labels effect the forgetingness to move with a person or group in a violent or non-violent manner. The study catchs to examine the social mental underpinning of beliefs in total and annoyance, and investigate mechanisms through which these beliefs legitimize violence against those viewed as evil adversaries. They also be intimate that there are different levels at which people acknowledge evil that there is no true evil and true effectual. The research done by Campbell and Vollhardt suggests that the individuals definition of good and even might pred ict negative intergroup attitude and support for violence towards perceived enemies. They worked towards developing taprooms that asses individual differences in believes about good in evil reliably and separately, as a construct in its own right. They used four different studies to analyze how the labels of good and evil work.The goal of the first study was to provide an initial empirical investigation of beliefs regarding good and evil, and endorsement of redemptive violence. The expectation was that beliefs on good and evil and the support of redemptive violence would predict more support for violent intergroup outcomes as compared to support for nonviolent outcomes. Campbell and Vollhardt hypothesized that there would be an indirect effect of belief in evil on intergroup policy preferences. For this study they compile data from 349 participants living in the United States, the majority of which being European Americans. 41% of the group identified with a religious group, while 58% of the group had at least a 4-year college horizontal surface.The study was conducted online, with participants coming in from Facebook, Craigslist and, listservs. Good and evil, endorsement of redemptive violence, measures of support for violent vs. nonviolent policies, and control variables were all measured on a seven point scale. This measure ended up of importly catching a belief in evil. lead 2 was meant to strengthen the measures on belief in good. flying field 2 was based on an exploratory question of whether the belief in good or if a belief in a dichotomy would bear witness itself. The study was conducted much in the same(p) manner as study 1. The conclusion was that belief in good predicted two nonviolent outcomes, and that participants who believed in good viewed themselves as part of the non violent categories they supported.Study 3A and 3B were conducted to test if a belief in evil predicts support for violent policies when effects of other cognitive process es are controlled and also established the social psychological constructs that predicted such attitudes. These studies were also conducted online. Studies 3A and 3B provide us with empirical read to the line of credit that belief in evil in conceptually different from previously studied constructs, and that it also has a predictive power that can benefactor explain support for violent policies. This study showed the importance in looking at the beliefs in good and evil to understand attitudes towards violent or nonviolent policies in intergroup conflict. There is a promise of real knowledge domain implication with this study.Thomas Talhem, Jonathan Haidt, Shigehiro Oishi, Xuemin Zhang, Felicity F. Miao, Shimin Chen. Liberals Think More Analytically (More supernatural) Than Conservatives. (17 Nov 2014 ) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol 41. 250-267Retrieved http//psp.sagepub.com/content/41/2/250.full.pdf+htmlThis study is designed to test whether spaciouss and c onservatives legitimately think about the demesne as if they were form different cultures because of differences in the ways they process the same set of facts. They play with the idea of temporarily changing peoples cultural popular opinion and thereby changing political opinions. They use the term WEIRD as a category. WEIRD stands for the portion of the population that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. The researchers of this study argue that the liberals that derive within WEIRD are a even more contrasted part of the population. WEIRD people are considered outliers because they score analytically on measures of estimation and perception as compared to the rest who think ore holistically or intuitively. They present the hypothesis that liberals think more analytically because liberal culture is more individualistic, with priority for individual identity instead of group.The study uses four reports that disembowel the blood of politics to holistic-a nalytic thought. The first study brings cultural thought measure into political psychology, the second distinguishes social and economic politics, the third measures thought room with cognitive tests instead of self-report scales, and the fourth tests whether thought type causes political opinions by briefly changing peoples thought hyphens and then step their political opinion. The samples were US college subjects that naturally control for age and rearing, large internet samples to cover diverse demographic groups and allow for control of more demographic variables, and a sample from China that has a different political humour as compared to the United States.The first study used a trine task, and a framed-line task. These tasks were administered to the group of college studies and measured on a scale from 1 to 7. They found that social liberals had a more Western, analytic, cognitive, and perceptual style than their conservative American classmates. The socially conservati ve students were more relational, cognitive, and perceptual. Their styles of thinking were more eastern United States Asian. The researchers claim that study 1 add to indicate that there are cultural differences in cognition between people in the same nation. The second study was similar to the first, but it was ran on a large Internet group instead of one university campus. It replaced the randomness from study1 because it was a larger sample size.Study three used succession on cultural differences between students in Northern and Southern China. It was a replication of the findings in the first two studies. An important difference was that the relationship between social politics and thought was only found in more developed areas. It did find that this is not just an American phenomenon. Study four looked at if thought style causes people to be liberal or conservative. Study 4 provided the first evidence of cultural thought style causing attitudes toward political opinions tha t were presented in a long-form article. The different samples gives researchers some(a) evidence that the relationship between politics and thought is not only of one particular culture.Running Out of Nurses breast feeding Shortages in the fondness EastRunning Out of Nurses breast feeding Shortages in the Middle EastIntroduction treat is a challenged and dynamic profession. Struggles and challenges have accompanied the maturement of breast feeding profession through the previous decades. Although nurse was started with unorganized and rachitic defined beginning, our sisters and brothers didnt stop until assist for become respectful and recognized profession. flat in the twenty-first century, the most challengeable problem is breast feeding paucity which is considered a public interrelate because of its massive effect on the quality of fretfulness and on patient wellness and guard duty. The first take up Nightingales concept was cause no harm to patients. This was the foundation for the scope of employ for nurses. Any obstacles that may result in threaten patient safety should not be do by. (Cherry Jacob, 2002).Nursing deficit is an issue where the required shape of nurses is much more than the supply. Nursing deficit has been reported as crisis repayable to its seriousness. In the moment of speaking there are 200000 vacant nursing positions gentlemanwide and it is predicted to plus to one million or even more by 2020. 85% of hospitals have expressed concerns about nursing paucity and half of them have difficulties concuring and recruiting nurses. Moreover, the turnover rate among nurses is continuously rising. Recently it has reached 40% in some hospitals nationwide (Albro, 2008).This assignment has been done as a requirement for contemporary nursing course it pass on discuss the history, reasons and tinct of nursing dearth. Explore the issue of recruiting foreign nurses and the issue of nursing famine in the Middle East.HistoryE xperiencing famine of nursing had started long time ago. Opening the first school in nursing in the US was the result of difficulty in finding adequate number and deft nurses to hand round in Civil war. After World warfare 2 the medical go that were provided had significantly changed resulting in huge addition in the number of hospitals and creating special care unit which generate the rent for more nurses to serve. That time educational centres for nursing start to appear to drill and train nurses in order to outmatch the famine of nurses. Now the evidence shows that all countries demesnewide suffer from nursing shortage and it is an transnational concern which chooses to be highlighted and managed as soon as possible (Andrews Dziegielewski, 2005). bestow FactorsIn 1980s it was easy to identify the reasons behind nursing shortage increase the number of hospitals, length of hospital stay and aging population. Although these reasons are true, this is not the whole picture . It is more complex than thatAgeNursing has experienced highest registering rate in 1960s-1970s. Because of new muse opportunities opened in 1980s-1990s, smaller number of women registered. As a result of that, the average age of RN nowadays is 45 or more. Most of the middle aged nurses allow reach retirement age between 2005-2010 (Abualrub, 2005).Nursing imageoer the years nurses have developed concerns about their image in the society. Nursing has been differently described within the population as saints or sinner, extol or ignore, powerless or powerful. Can we say nursing shortage result from nursing image or nursing image result from nursing shortage? These two are highly related. Above that the education preparation for nurses differ 2 years associate degree, 3 years diploma and 4 years baccalaureate. These levels of education have made people not value nursing as a profession. Having a bachelor degree isnt necessary when you can be qualified to work subsequently 3 or 2 years. This leads to discourage people to enter nursing and undervalue it (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2003).Job satisfactionThe reasons why nurses have the tendency to leave nursing the career and why the turnover rate is change magnitude is mainly due to note dissatisfaction. Common reasons nationwide are over load, schedule changes, lack of appreciation and less family time. The nursing field doesnt twirl the chance for frustrated nurses to speak out and this nourishes the dissatisfaction feeling. Lack of satisfaction earns nursing not an attractive profession for young people. More than 50% of on the job(p) nurses bequeath not advice their children or sisters to enter nursing (Diana, 2005).Faculty shortageLinda, Clarke Silber (2003) did a study that showed a strong relation between nursing education and patient mortality rate. Education plays a role in providing high quality care. 19% is the mortality rate in hospitals that have 60% of nurses with bachelor degree where it is higher in hospitals with only 20% nurses having bachelor.Lack of nursing faculty that provide proper education for the motivation of bachelor graduating nurses direct affect the nursing shortage leading to directly affect patient safety. Nursing institutions witness an increase of registration, American tie beam of Colleges of nursing state that 13% increase of enrolment rate between 2004-2005. This increase needs an increase in nursing schools and clinical settings to naturalize these students. If there is not enough nursing faculty the condition will be worse. According to AACN 2005 nursing schools have rejected 41683 qualified applications. The main reason was having not enough nursing faculty, clinical areas and preceptors to educate this number of students (Allen, 2008).Implication of ShortageNo doubt nursing shortage will have a negative impact on health care system. Nursing shortage forces hospitals to impose mandatory and unsafe overtime on nurses, increase responsibilit ies and workload and create floating nurse. All these contribute to job dissatisfaction and decrease quality care (Goodin, 2003).On patientLinda, Clarke Silber (2003) conducted study to show the relation between nurse work load and mortality rate. 50% of hospitals worldwide have 51 patient to nurse ratio. The study shows if the ratio is 61 or more, the risk for patient demise will be 14%. If it is more than 8, the risk will be 31%.The number of medical errors is rising in a treacherous rate. One of the associated factors is nursing shortage. Study done by health resources and services shows a strong relation between number of staff and practice of medicine errors. These errors may have undesirable effect on patient health (Goodin, 2003)On nursesNot enough staff intensifies the level of stress of nurses. Overtimes, increase responsibilities and emotional stress promotes increase staff absenteeism, impair decision reservation ability and increase level of turnover. More than 75% of RNs believe that their job quality delivered to patient is strongly affected by the shortage. Three from four nurses feel is frustrating, discouraging and disappointment when you unable to provide proper nursing care, just because of there is not enough nurses in the floor. (Revira, 2009).Shortage therapeuticAs a remedy for nursing shortage health care societies have started to hire foreign nurses. Phenomena of hiring foreign nurses has been introduced and practiced for almost 50 years (Leavitt, Mason chaffee, 2007). Recruiting foreign nurses is specifically problematic as a technique to resolve this shortage simply for two reasons. First, the shortage is spheric issue means the country which sent her nurses abroad intensified the shortage within its health care system. Second, hiring foreign nurses cost much more than hiring home graduate. This related to the coast of recruiting and training them into the organization (Cherry Jacob, 2002)..Recruitment and retaining RNsNursin g associations are constantly working in order to recruit nurses as much as they can. Recruitment strategies should focus on attracting young nurses. Efforts should be maximized to spread the awareness among school aged students in order to make them consider nursing as a career or a profession (Yoho, Timpanaro Fowler, 2006)..Retention of professional nurses have jockstraped the organization to overcome the shortage. To retain experienced nurses organizations should consider staff needs, In response to that, magnet hospitals were created. Hospitals which they focus in developing proper retention strategies, mainly by stir nurses autonomy and support decision making ability. Magnet program aim to increase job satisfaction, decrease turnover and promote encouraging environment. Now magnet considered the most effective programme in US for retaining and recruiting nurses ( Valerie, Dreachslin, 2007)Nursing shortage in the Arab worldThe image of nursing as a profession in the Arab wo rld is significantly improving. The status of nursing will be intercommunicate from three dimensions practice, education and image. Nursing education in the Arab world causes a lot of confusion due to the different educational levels. The minimum accepted educational degrees to enter the profession can be associated degree (2 years) or diploma degree (3 years) while in the US the bachelor is the minimum accepted degree. Moreover, some countries dont offer bachelor degree where other countries have recently started bachelor program like UAE. Arab world also tend to recruit foreign nurses especially gulf countries to overcome the shortage. Nursing image plays a big role in promoting the shortage in the Arab world. Most of the population doesnt prefer their sisters or daughters to choose nursing as a profession (Shukri, 2005).ConclusionNursing shortage is an international problem which needs to be solved urgently. All the reasons and impacts of nursing shortage are now internationally known and it cant be ignored any more. There are many reasons that could lead to this problem, few of them were addressed Age, nursing image, job satisfaction and faculty shortage. Leaders of nursing in practice and in academia should work to gather to develops plans enhance the harvest-festival of nursing staff. Impacts of nursing shortage cant be denied because it has a touch-and-go effect on patients health and on nurses. The practice of hiring foreign nurses doesnt help in solving nursing shortage. Recruiting and retaining strategies should be carefully studied in order to increase the number of working nurses. The shortage in the Arab world is a noticeable problem in which a lot of efforts need to be done in many areas to overcome this shortage.

Cold Pastoral By Marina Keegan

icy Pastoral By Marina KeeganThroughout J.R.R. Tolkiens world renowned blockbuster refreshed Lord of the Rings, the word ring is mentioned multiple ages, how perpetually, in Marina Keegans study heat slight Pastoral, neither cold nor pastoral appears. Not even once. Pastoral cease be a term used to describe the livelihood of shepherds, b atomic number 18ly in literary terms, it is a lent word to describe the personal manner of literature which depicts a simple life from its difficult content. Similarly, cold ass be used to describe the weather or picture of people, moreover it quite a little too describe a persons disposition as hardhearted, dark and chill. The more relevant interpretation of the form of address together with the story would be the latter of both explanations. The story is astir(predicate) Claire whose boyfriend, Brian, died suddenly and the series of events that followed Brians death. Keegan, the author, by dint of describing Claires doubtfulty towards the alliance and the revelation of the naturalism of the relationship, revealed the cold personality of Claire and her lust to lead a life that feels pastoral, i.e. a simple life, to highlight the immenseness of revelations.Commitment to a relationship does not middling depend on the passion in fact, it relies heavily on the confidence of both parties in the relationship. App arently, Claire is not madly in love with Brian. A lot of time was spent being consciously romantic and we might admit I like you , are comments made by Claire on their relationship, which hint that Claire is uncertain about her relationship with Brian (1, 2). As we observe in the real world, couples at the early stages of their relationships are, more a great deal than not, infatuated with each other. Due to the feeling of uncertainty, Claire lacks faith in her relationship with Brian, thus she is not fully committed. This accounts for, in part, why Claire does not seem extremely depressed aft er acquire of Brians death. It is this sense of uncertainty that lingers in Claires mind, the reason for why not a lot of people know of their relationship.One of the reasons that Claire does not seem besides depressed after Brian, her boyfriend, died is that she is uncertain about the relationship, which resulted in her lack of commitment, whilst her personality, cold, also contrisolelyes much to her absence of severe depression. Humans are never cold beings, which is why our emotions are affected expectantly by the surroundings. The solo unadulterated difference between individuals is their ability to contain emotions. People who are less capable of containing their emotions are often regarded as moody or emotive, musical composition those who are more capable are often regarded as cool and composed. Claire is definitely one of the latter ones. After Brians death, Claire surprised herself that night by crying alone (2). This revealed that Claire has a composed personality and that she does not pronounce her emotions explicitly that often.As the saying goes, The onlooker sees the best. People involved in incidents are often lost in their thoughts, and it is only done revelations that they value and take a clearer view at the situation. Just after Brians death, Claire was negligent by a certain degree of sadness and sorrow. Not only once, merely many a(prenominal) times, did Claire mention her commitment to Brian, this is revealed from her comment Id underestimated how much I liked him (2). As it turns out, her emotions and view to her relationship drastically alters after rendering Brians diary. Contrary to her sadness and sorrow, Claire comments that Im rattling feeling great and Fuck Brian, I thought now, which reveals that she, kind of than feeling upset, is on the one hand smoldering with Brian, and on the other hand, feeling relieved for realizing this fact sooner or else of later (8). Had Brian not died, she would not sustain discov ered this painful reality and broke away from feeling blue. Brians death, though sorrowful and pitiful, has given Claire a chance to reveal the truth and free herself from the bondage of the relationship.Keegan successfully portrays Claires personality through her response to Brians death, which also reveals her desire for a simple relationship the direct reverse of the relationship she had with Brian. Actions much(prenominal) as being consciously romantic, waiting too long before responding to texts and Brian and Claire took a certain haughtiness in our ambiguity are indications that the relationship involved complications (1, 1, 2). As the title Cold Pastoral suggests, Claire is eager to seek a relationship that is precisely simple. Claires request is genuinely simple she likes being liked (1). She wanted her companion to simply love her and take care of her. After the revelation through Brians death, she is crystal clear about the kind of relationship that she pursues mor e than anything Id ever wanted in my life, I wanted him to love me (11). Claire simply cannot stand pat the opportunity to begin a simple, committed love affair.Apart from the confine of the story, Keegans manipulation of prose and style conveys strong messages about the characters and the plot. When we read the story, the narration affects our vox populi greatly. Since this story is a first person narration, we have to be faultfinding about the emotions of the narrator. Throughout the story, the tale was narrated from the perspective of Claire, the main character, and I and We are mainly used as the pronoun for Claire as the narrator (1). In such narration, the contents of the tale are easily influenced by the emotions of the narrator. Claire, whose boyfriend has just died, is with grief and pain, which indicates that she is at times pathetic and hysterical. This suggests that the narration given by Claire may not be as reliable as unfaltering stories due to her fluctuating mo ods. Keegan, by using first person narration, is assay to place readers in Claires position. By doing so, readers can easily imagine themselves as Claire, which arouses sympathy for Claires experience.In many peoples view, literary works should be recherche and profound, but plain and raw descriptions can also be fibrous in conveying messages. When one reads the story, one is bound to come across many controversial choices of words, such as fuck, shit and penis, which do not normally exist in conventional novels or essays (7, 6, 2). Furthermore, the story includes many lines of dialogue and often comes with short and incomplete sentences, such as I just hire time to myself to and I know she waits before responding which is (6, 7). The expressions, frank and natural, which are intentionally deployed by Keegan, can fully reveal Claires feelings and the thoughts breathing out through her troubled mind. Since this story is about the events that happened to Claire, this writing st yle allows readers to have a more in-depth understanding of Claires plight, thus arousing echoes of the idea of revelation.Keegan kept the story compact, which creates a degenerate pace for the story, to suit the short time-span of the occurrence of events. The events in the story happened within a very limited time-span, despite the complex nature of the story. If all the ideas were explained in details, the story would have a very slow pace, which does not match with the swift happening of events. To achieve fast pacing for the story, Keegan kept the paragraphs of the text relatively short, while ideas within these paragraphs are at times incomplete, such as I just need time to myself to and I know she waits before responding which is (6, 7). From the examples, Keegan is providing a very wisplike image of Claire and a brief lead in of her thoughts. Contrary from freehanded the whole story, these short fragments allow readers to conceive the situation of Claire slowly but gradua lly. This allows Keegan to both keep the story concise yet providing sufficient alert information for readers to interpret the setting of the story and make a great impact on the minds of readers through their imagination.In the story, Keegan deliberately arranged the events in a non-chronological order, which enables readers to think in the minds of Claire. Events of stories are often in chronological order, which enables the reader to easily understand the contents of the story. However, in Cold Pastoral, the events, rather than in chronological order, are following Claires free flow of thought. In the beginning of the story, Claire mentions her relationship with Brian and Brians sudden death (2). After the breaking line, the revolve about turns to her interaction with her friends (2). After the second breaking line, Claire expresses her views on Lauren, Brians ex-girlfriend (2). Furthermore, after the third breaking line, the narration mentions Claires visit to Brians family (3 ). If the story is to be in chronological order, Claires comments on Lauren should be excluded from the context. Keegan, intentionally inserts this scene in such a way to reveal the thoughts in Claires mind. The illogical ordering of events provides readers with an in-depth understanding of Claires thoughts, and also allows readers to comprehend the mindset of Claire fragmented thoughts and troubled with disarray.divine revelation is ubiquitous, but we often underestimate its effects. People need revelation, and then they need resolution, Damian Lewis once express (Lewis). Just like in Cold Pastoral, Claire, who believed that her relationship with her boyfriend Brian was perfect, realizes that she is actually not as dedicated as she believed to the relationship as soundly as Brian. We need not evade revelations, for revelation does more close than harm. In fact, revelation not only provides us information about the facts, but also provides a chance for us to step post and reass ess our stances. The omnipresence of revelation is bound to amaze those who neglect it. Revelation can be as significant as the death of a person, as shown from the example in the story Cold Pastoral, or it can be as minute as receiving a marked prove script at school. Events, which one may or may not notice, can often be regarded as revelations, as long as they allow one to introspect. The story, Cold Pastoral, not only successfully portrays Claire, the heroine, but also provokes the minds of readers to face revelations squarely.

Siemens Change After Corruption Scandal

randomness substitute after(prenominal) Corruption shitThis flip-flop focusing report is intended to precede the boundary build of refinement miscellanea efforts at randomness after(prenominal) flubion grunge came to sporty on November 2006. Even prior to decomposition s stick outdal, atomic number 16 had a system of rules, policies and procedures however it had non done enough to entrench its set, policies and procedures into friendship practice. They lacked in subsequent leadershiphiphip and ending, inconsistent communication, planning and company did non take adequate mea currents to punish conduct in breach. south dumb that they ease up to make some qualifyings to its avocation to bridge the gap among theory and practice. atomic number 16 AG (Berlin and Munich) is a one of Germanys largest publicly held corporations and Europes largest engine room conglomerate by sales. southward is a global powerhouse in electronics and electrical engineering, ope rating in the industry, readiness and healthc atomic number 18 sectors. It activities include skip sector ancestryes and services, equity investments. The company has roughly 405,000 employees working to develop, design and lay down complex project and tailor a wide range of solutions for singular requirements. atomic number 16 has built his reputation and world class with its technical achievements, innovations and internationalism over 160 years, generating a sales volume in b atomic number 18(a) of 75 billion with communication division at the heart of worry ( siemens, 2010).Up until 1999 bribing conflicting authoriseds to secure contracts was non wholly authorized and tax deductable in Germany. southward were moreoverowed to pay legal fees for employees who got arrested or prosecuted oversea for graft. Corruption is a part of a countrys gloss, so is south. It maintained a culture in which rot was a likely business strategy to enter into emerging markets. I n addition second had grown close-set(prenominal) to government (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008). A culture of decadency in a predominant agreement does not occur accidently. Why would workers provideingly commit an law-breaking? The only likely explanation is if the organisation rewarded such behaviour. due south is not the kind of organisation where tens of thousands of slush funds raises unobserved. It is conceivable, certainly plausible, that sulfur elevation management k mod anything around the bribes and corruption scandal. But as peak officials they dish out responsibility for the widespread see-no-evil-hear-no-evil corporate culture in their organisation, which suggest that Siemens lacked a cor serveing leadership and culture. So it is evident that culture at Siemens was illegal and unethical.Klaus Kleinfeld prescribed as CEO of Siemens in January 2005-a conglomerate with 75 billion euros. He was c eached as wunderkind among shareholders of Siemens after turning the operation of communication division and making profits of 569 one million million million euros or (3.2%) increase in sales. Later on November 2006, Klaus Kleinfeld announced that Siemens net income went up by 38% and sales growth were up by 16% from previous fiscal year (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008). Leader ordain go wrong, if they jammed in single metaphor (Esther Cameron Mike Green, 2009) and this is what Siemens witnessed. Despite knowing the corporate culture of the organisation, he broke addicted consensual management style, instead he threatened to sell or re mental synthesis if they didnt hit targets. Kleinfeld focused only on the colossal childbed of strategically restructuring the division and ways to improve the company growth. According to business daily Suddeutsche Kleinfeld gave lot of attention about the financial markets demand and restructuring the company. spiegeleisen particularly change state more on Klaus Kleinfelds tactical errors Possibly his biggest cha stening was to underestimate the impact of bribery scandal (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008). He seemed to not full take control as bribery scandal kept rotation around the company. This shows that Kleinfelds recklessness and negligence.This body of work presents the boundary conditions of the Siemens change effort. It has been believed that organisational leadership and culture, with in the present organisations business environment, are the most diminutive aspects that determine the dynamics of organisational change. Siemens had policies in place, but they were not lived up to the expectation, the corporate values were not incorporated and leadership has failed miserably, resulting terms of 660 MM fines and 650 MM attorney and reflectant fees (Frank Schmidt Kenny Mok, 2008). Reputation and trust were battered overimputable to the series of corruption scandals which rocked Siemens. Siemens was blacklisted in Nigeria by Federal establishment of Nigeria (Felix Onuah, 2007). As a r esult reputation and trust were battered due to the series of corruption scandals which rocked Siemens. So to keep hold of business, Siemens were in the position to change their culture and leadership style in aver to get rid of corruption.Corruption ScandalBut one of the major concerns with Siemens was corruption kept escalating. Siemens has been at the middle of a very serious corruption scandal, since November 2006. Siemens officials deliver been investigated and scrutinized in a bid to clarify uncertain payments totalling some 1.3 billion ($2.07 billion). In 2006 Siemens was at the middle of one of the Germanys biggest corporate corruption scandal. In November 2006 around 270 police and another(prenominal) German officials ransacked Siemens offices. Six executives were arrested, including chief financial officer of telecommunications division. German officials alleged that the suspects had diverted some 200 million euros finished secret bank accounts in Liechtenstein, Switz erland and with shell companies, paying bribes for harming contracts in Iraq, Venezuela, Bangladesh, Italy, Israel, Russia, China, Argentina and Greece (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008).Repercussions of the ScandalSiemens identified the expenses of corruption as very high, finished slowing down financial growth, rising take aims of poverty, foreign investment misallocation, reducing tax revenues and additional government costs. Siemens concentrated on some of the key areas where they lacked quality in rewrite to get rid of corruption. It is also very absolute to keep up their place name and reputation to do good business and compete against their rivals. After the corruption scandals were unveiled at Siemens, the management started many initiatives to reinforce its obligingness controls and corporate governance.New Governance StructureOne of the most in-chief(postnominal) challenges an organisation faces, apparent leadership is crucial if an organisation is to make sure that the card and employees are not engaging in bribery and corrupt practices. It is in truth arbitrary that the board members do not transmit complex signals urge officials and managers to follow strict codes and high standards. Siemens supervisory board members Huber, Ackerman and Cromme were against their haomaer CEO Kleinfeld, although profits had increased by about a third and sales by about 10%. As a result Kleinfeld was asked to step down because the image of the company was in tatters. For the start-off time ever in the history, board members turned to an outsider as chief executive officer-the Austrian Peter Loscher (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008). Siemens apply upstart managerial board position for meekness and official matters. Peter Solmssen, Hans winters and Andreas Pohlmann were appointed as General Counsel, Chief Audit officer and Chief configuration officer respectively (Dietrich G. Moller, 2009). Loscher was in a position to develop a power base for him and then make s ure his acceptance. Unlike Kleinfeld, Loscher do sure to maintain co-operative dealing with unions and employees. Understanding culture is desirable for leaders in ordinance to lead and to make a successful change. For e.g., what the leaders pays more attention to, controls and measures on a regular basis, how do they respond to crises and critical situations, how do they assign limited resources, promotions, rewards and status, all these factors informs the culture that has been demonstrable in an organisation.TrainingSince Siemens was listed on New York Stock Exchange, it was pass judgment that Security Exchange Com deputation (SEC) would interrogate the scandal and might overturn higher fines than authorities of German, whilst the U.S justice department would launch a poisonous probe (Rawi Abdelal et al., 2008). To meet the challenge, Siemens had restructured the Compliance and started a comprehensive accordance computer chopine. So Siemens hired a cofounder of Transpa rency International to consult on obligingness and hired the well-known United States law truehearted of Debevoise Plimpton to investigate the bribery scandal. Top officials and divisional heads were asked to submit joint bids for projects, a measure designed to re exit corruption. (Andreas Pohlmann, 2008)Compliance program focussed on three all important(p) factorsSiemens concentrated on providing training, propagating awareness and sense and implemented a control system in order to vanquish substantial deficiencies. Training is very imperative to make sure the strike implementation of the controls. To avoid unethical business practices, the Siemens provided anti corruption programs as a part of training for more than 15,000 employees. In addition, Siemens launched a web based anti corruption training program for more than 120,000 employees (Andreas Pohlmann, 2008)This graphs shows that training is gradually increasing from the year 2008 to 2009 and Compliance rung increasi ng from 86 in 2006 to 598 in 2009 (Dietrich G. Moller, 2009). Siemens thought, compliancy is the coarse platform and the moral responsibility to sustain the mutual set of morals for which the firm stands superiority, creativity and accountability.DetectSiemens relied on the loyalty of their employees towards the company, to honour and Identify likely problems at the early stages. They motivated and encouraged their employees to actively enroll in developing a culture of reliability by not allowing anybody to violate in the organisation. They launched a helpdesk with Tell us and remove us functions, so employees were asked to inform the helpdesk if anybody violates the rules (Dietrich G. Moller, 2009).According to Ask me helpdesk, around 3000 questions were raised regarding particular conformism problems, and many individual violations have been reported at the helpdesk.RespondSiemens has started responding to non-compliance, violation and misconduct through regular and prope r sanctioning across each and both departments of the business. Siemens had enforced more than 550 penalizing measures in fiscal year 2007 (Dietrich G. Moller, 2009). chatCommunication is an imperative factor for Siemens to incorporate its new strategic trouble of superior ethical behaviour, corporate social responsibility and transparency. Siemens has started concentrating on more direct discussion between the employees and Managing instrument panel in both(prenominal) directions. Through this way, Siemens communication of morals and values can be sustained right through the business, without being lost in transformation. Siemens has placed tactical significance on making its anti corruption strategies and compliance guide easy to read, this would help the employees to visualize better (Article 123, 2008). access ChangeAltering the culture of an organization may be the toughest commerce a CEO will ever take on. The culture in an organisation or department is shaped over year s of relations among organization members. The change work requires statistics, cautious study and good esteem of results.Scheins Organisational culture theoretical accountCulture is the digit of raw material assumptions that a presumption group has invented, discovered or developed in learning to pick out with its problem of internal integration and external adaption (Schein, 1990). Culture is not only about programmes and initiatives, it is everywhere in the company (Cameron Mike Green, 2004). Thus culture gives a sense of organizations norms, values, beliefs, rituals and language the way in which things are to be done around. To understand organisational development, learning and planned change, culture is considered as autochthonic resource (Schein, 1999). Though Scheins model has been criticised (e.g. Collins 1998, Hatch 1993, Parker 2000), it specifies the main aspects of culture, viz. its partly learned and unconscious nature. organisational culture, consequently, i s not simply a single new entity which illustrates organizations and which can be also identified from the other entities that impact an organization performance. Scheins assumes culture as a set of shared out postulations, which can examined at three important levels. The first level of Scheins culture model consists of perceptible organizational process and various artefacts that can be heard and felt by uninitiated observer. First of all, the fact that will shape the entity of this investigation is culture itself (Schein 1992). Artefacts consist of any physical or tangible elements in a company. Dress code, furniture, history and architecture all represent organizational artefacts (cf. Reason 1997). According to Schein, it is really difficult to understand the true meaning without detailed study, since it symbolizes the most superficial cultural phenomenon i.e. only reflections of the exact business culture The second level of Scheins model consists of the companys espoused valu es. These are very apprehensible in, for example, the companys objectives, declared values, operating philosophy and norms. However, espoused values do not always reflect an organisations daily functions and businesses. Most key and imperative in terms of functions is the in-depth culture level, i.e. its principal assumptions (Schein 1985, 1992). Actions and behaviours of a successful individual employee in the organisation become benchmarks on which other employees refer to. such historical behaviours and actions become organizational key values. Third level of Scheins model consists of basic assumption and fundamental values. The essence of culture is characterized by the positive underlying values and assumption, which are difficult to distinguish as they present at an unconscious level. Underlying values is a array of decisions that form the culture further. Therefore, they are not static (Schein 1985, 1992). Basic Assumptions are considered as an ultimate source of actions and values.Analysing culture Assessment (What to look for)In order to assess the culture, Siemens has to identify their artefacts. Artefacts can be identified by conducting surveys, group meetings or personal interviews that asks the employees to list their reactions to various artefacts. A pattern for identifying artefacts include level of formality in relations, working hours, dress codes, rituals, ceremony, myths and how decisions are made (Scheins, 1999). Secondly, espoused values should be examined. This can be obtained easily since every organisation has their written values. According to Argyris Schon, the best word is espoused values, since most of the organisations have written values but act out different values (Scheins, 1992). Finally, underlying assumptions should be identified. Possibly the best way to spot basic assumptions are through progression meeting where all the artefacts are listed, underlying values and assumptions are polish uped (Scheins, 1992).Analysing culture Analysis (Congruence Test)Using the assessment Siemens can equalize the cultural artefacts to the verbalise values to check if the stated values are congruent with physical materializations of the organisation. Second level is to compare the espoused with the actual value of the Siemens. Then, analyse the type of culture that enhances the mission of the Siemens. govern out the new value and implement it in order to carry out the companys mission and goal. Finally, culture can be compared to the employees. Here, the employees would be observed in terms of personal ideas, values of what is significant, and personal decision making procedures.Analysing culture Implementation (Finding changesFinal step is to figure out the changes in the organisation to accomplish the mission. Whilst execution of cultural changes is a colossal undertaking that changes fairly conceived, but conventionally fail (Bolman and Deal, 1997), the gaps between artefacts and espoused values, assumpti ons and espoused values, manpower and culture or culture and mission are identified in the analysis stage.Implementing ChangeKotters eight step modelKotter established eight steps and he believed that these 8 steps would lead to successful changes. He has developed an 8 step model where the first four levels focus on unfreezing the organisation, the contiguous three levels focus on what needs to be changed , and the last level refreezes the company with a brand new culture. When organisations need to make broad changes effectively and significantly, these are the eight steps to be followed in sequence. take a crap a sense of proddingFor change to take place, Siemens really have to develop a sense of urgency. In order to do that Peter Loscher and other board members have communicated to their employees about the need for change and significance of acting without delay. They examined the market strategies, competitive realities, reputation, how to prevent corruption and potential problem of the failure. This is not merely a matter of just relation employees about the corruption, poor sales statistics or discussing about increasing competition. Board members explained about the drawback of corruption and why corruption has to be removed. It is really imperative for Siemens to spend significant energy and time to develop the urgency in order to lead the change.Form a flop steer coalition TeamTop management of Siemens should shape powerful corporate governance with enough leadership skills, authority, credibility, communication ability and energy to lead the change. Leaders should be able to convince the employees that change is necessary. So Siemens appointed Peter Loscher as their CEO in 2007. Siemens implemented new managerial board position for compliance and official matters. After joining the company Peter Loscher communicated both his and shareholders expectations, and to set comprehensible compliance targets based on values of responsibility and inte grity for all firm departments, units and levels.Develop a clear vision and strategyThe mission is to create a culture of openness and honesty right through the business, evidently driven from the board. The first step will typically be for the CEO to make a presentation to the board, possibly after review by board committee or risk management function. The important lesson learnt at Siemens is that a cadre of managerial positions is necessary at organisations to make sure the reliability, operation and integrity of the organisation. The frequency and level of bribery and unprofessional behaviour had significantly increased until Peter Loscher took over top management, board and employees realised that they wanted to change their culture when world largest corruption scandal came to light. Tone from the share holders after corruption scandalThe olfactory sensation from the shareholders isOnly Clean Business is Siemens Business bothwhere Everybody Every TimeCompliance as Part of C orporate Responsibility is beginning(a) PriorityPeter Loscher and board restructured the corporate governance and enhanced the compliance department.Communicate the VisionIn this step the new vision and strategies should be communicated in every possible ways to employees. Make sure that everybody in the organisation understand and accept the strategy and vision. After identifying the strategies, Siemens communicated those strategies to the employees by the compliance department and anti corruption programmes. To avoid unethical business practices, the Siemens provided anti corruption programs as a part of training for more than 15,000 employees. In addition, Siemens launched a web based anti corruption training program for more than 120,000 employees. Training is very alert for altering the mindset and developing a culture of integrity and responsibility. Siemens vision is to remove the corruption and change the culture, because Siemens understood the cost and impact of corruptio n and were very desperate to get rid of corruption. seat others to act on the visionThey motivated and encouraged their employees to actively participate in developing a culture of reliability by not allowing anybody to violate in the organisation. They launched a helpdesk Tell us function, so employees were asked to inform the helpdesk if anybody violates the rules. It is really imperative for Siemens in order to get rid of obstacles. So they enforced around 500 corrective measures in the year 2007, mostly the cases of violation, and corruption.Create Short term winsever-changing the culture, either good or bad, it is not going to happen overnight. Siemens achieved their short term goal when their employees began to realize that they were anticipated to do their duties in a professional and ethical manner. Siemens monitor the progress of the compliance program by conducting employee survey. Survey results include Positive perception of compliance program, compliance communications understood and well regarded. Siemens thought that compliance issues have changed the economy and society and it has changed Siemens.Consolidate improvements and producing still more changeSiemens engaged in variety of co-operative initiatives with international organisations committed to urge against corruption and sustaining and establishing freedom of competition. Siemens continuously improved their compliance program by co-operating with international and non government organisations, such as World edge institute by exchanging knowledge and vice versa. By monitoring the process and receiving the feedback continuously will help Siemens to improve change.Institutionalise the new approachesSiemens needs to believe a leading role in integrity, transparency and compliance with the clear aim of becoming a respected international organisation in the fight against bribery and corruption. They compulsory to move towards a value based culture and to bench mark with the best. In order to achieve these objectives they have to institutionalise the new strategies and approaches.ConclusionThe above study has looked at the context, content and process adopted by Siemens in order the change their culture after the bribery came into light on November 2006. This study will also give an overview of how Siemens has implemented detailed anti programmes policies on bribery and corruption, altered its management structure to fit its new values and policies, developed a new compliance department and has made changes to their communication with direct conversation between workforce and management. The Scheins model analysis helps us to understand the culture of the organisation and what changes needed to be done, while Kotters model helps us to understand how the change can be implemented. Unprofessional behaviour and violation of rules and standards are something all organisations mustiness constantly be alert of. Eventually, the changes at Siemens have allowed the manageme nt to successfully meet its mission, which is an obligation to public safety.ReferencesAndreas Pohlmann (2008) A New commission for Siemens online http//www.enewsbuilder.net/globalcompact/e_article001149152.cfm?x=bd2Hd2m,bb6LfBj8,w accessed 2 April 2010Article 123 (2008) Integrating Transparency and Anti-corruption end-to-end the business online http//www.article13.com/UNGC/Siemens%20anti-corruption%20case%20study.pdf accessed 4 April 2010Collins, D. (1998). organisational Change Sociological Perspectives. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Dietrich G. Moller (2009) The Siemens Compliance political program -A Change Management Process online http//russland.ahk.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Events/Praesentation/09-11-18-Siemens.pdf accessed 4 April 2010Esther Cameron mike Green. (2009) fashioning Sense of Change Management A release Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of organisational Change, second ed. London Kogan pageEsther Cameron mike Green. (2004) Making Sense of Change Management A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change, 2nd ed. London Kogan pageFrank Schmidt Kenny Mok (2008) The Siemens Compliance Program -A Change Management Process online http//www.docstoc.com/docs/13221847/Compliance-Program-SlidesSiemens accessed 4 April 2010Felix Onuah (2007, December 5) Nigeria to blacklist Siemens after bribery scandal Online http//uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL0539089320071205 accessed 4 April 2010Hatch, M.J. (1993). The Dynamics of Organizational Culture. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 657.693Parker, M. (2000). Organizational Culture and Identity. London ableRawi Abdelal, Rafael Di Tella, Jonathan Schlefer. (2008). Corruption in Germany Managing Germanys Largest Corruption Scandal. 9-709-006, p1-8.Reason, J. (1993). Managing the Management Risk New Approaches to Organisational Safety. In Wilpert, B. Quale, T. (eds.). Reliability and Safety in Hazardous Work Systems. Hove Lawrence Erlbaum.Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Aldershot Ashgate.Schein, E. (1985) Organizational culture and leadership 1st ed, San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers.Schein, E. (1992) Organizational culture and leadership 2nd ed, San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers.Schein, E. (1999) The corporate culture survival guide sense and nonsense about culture change. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers.Schein, E. (2004) Organizational culture and leadership 3rd ed, San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers.Siemens (2010) around Us Online http//www.siemens.co.uk/en/about_us/index.htm accessed 29 March 2010Siemens (2010) Compliance Online http//www.siemens.co.uk/en/about_us/index/corporate_responsibility/compliance.htm accessed 29 March 2010

Interactive Whiteboard: Benefits in the Classroom

synergistic Whiteboard Benefits in the ClassroomIntroductionThe issues meet the custom of interactive whiteboards (IWB) and creative conceive ofing forms the focus of this examine. This argona proposes an opportunity to attainm at the interaction amid new technologies and carve uproom reality in the primary coil shallow setting, both(prenominal) in theory and practice. The essay starts with a brief overview of interactive whiteboards within the schoolroom setting before smell more closely at encouraging creativity both in tenet and learnedness.Teachernet (on pull in) credits interactive whiteboards with the benefits ofImproving understanding of new conceptsincrease pupil want and involvementImproving plan, pace and flow of lessonsTeachernet online, Interactive WhiteboardsAs Cogill (2003, p. 52) points out in her interrogation report for Bects/DfES on IWBs in primary schools, the uniqueness of IWBs lies in its design to be utilise by teachers for teaching at whole class level. Yet in found to achieve the goals quoted above it is clear that certain other systems need to be put in place, especially maestro development and teacher training. For example, as Barber et al. (2007) point out, it is vitally important for teachers to be confident and known with IWBs in order to workout them to best effect. They similarly need to devour a solid understanding of how to work with, and inspire, creativity and why (e.g. see Loveless 2002). To this end, and in agreement with official indemnity, there has been an upsurge in texts designed to help teachers work with IWBs. For example, Cooper et al. (2006) give a pragmatical description of how genius bathroom example IWBs within all teaching areas, from Maths to Reading. Craft (2000) also argues for the potential to economic consumption new applied science with creativity rather than succeeding(a) the view expressed by rough teachers that computers, far from stimulating or fostering creativity, both represent and do the exact opposite of this (Craft 200, p. 88). In creating space to social function technology creatively it would seem that the first stage is to take over their classroom use with training teachers both at pre-service level and done ongoing professional development.However, there is room for debate as to the depth of learning round of these formats inspire, seeming as occasionally do to seek to add pastime rather than enrichment to learning. Whilst the funding made available through official initiatives, such(prenominal) as the National Grid for Learning (DfES 2003 DfES 2001) has gaind schools to invest in new technologies, there is a need for systemic reward to happen the best out of it. For example Machin et al. found correlations between schools success with ICT and a fertile background for making use of it (2006 p. 12). More pragmatically, Yelland (2007, p. 163) is one who warns that non all software is positive for learning outcomes but so goe s on to argue, in common with Machin et al. that it is the pedagogies generated by these new technologies that mickle create issues. likewise Sutherland et al. (2004) warn that embedded use of ICT in the classroom abide prompt how knowledge is constructed. It is bearing this in mind that the following essay seeks to mark off between, and concentrate on, creativity and not on the range of pedagogies that fall between poor practice and what has been referred to as edutainment.It seems clear that IWBs rouse come through a fantastic support, especially for visual learners, and posses the potential to be employ to support and encourage highly creative interactive and educational learning environments through a grand range of class areas. The ability for both students and teachers to circumvent visual materials (e.g. occurs, words, pitures etc) via the IWB and interact with the information displayed has been credited withincreased pupil engagement, demand and enjoyment, all p otentially leading to improvements in pupil attainmentsJones Vincent 2006, p. 2However, research founds there is still considerable unfulfilled potential with the creative use of IWBs (Jones Vincent 2006 Smith et al. 2005). Creativity in itself has been viewed as essential for the progress of parliamentary procedure (Cropley 2001, p. 133) and the next section of this essay looks more closely at how IWBs can be used in a variety of creative contexts starting signal theory and exemplifying with practice.Learning, or cognitive, styles are traditionally divided into visual, aural and kinesthetic and, in common with Gardners (1983) Theory of Multiple Intelligences, substantiate what Craft (2000, p. 10) called a pluralist approach. This sum catering for the various slipway in which individuals best absorb information and make gist of it which in turn affects levels of student motivation. From the teaching perspective, creative planning is a means of overcoming individual barriers to learning and requires presenting information in a number of different ways. Cropley (2000, p. 148) saw this application of variety as encouraging creativity in students. IWBs ability to operate as a computer means that audio and video tracks, live websites and multimedia applications can be used to appeal to a range of students learning styles. Ideally, this engages their attention, thereby impacting on their motivation and encouraging creative thinking.IWBs provide an opportunity to link or encourage student gratifys in a actually visual and interactive way. The following takes an aspect of geography as an example of the ways that IWBs can kick upstairs and allow creativity of teaching methods. When teaching the water cycle, the IWB can be linked to any number of live weather cams and channels both in the locality and internationally and show real time weather. delineated re foundations of the water cycle can involve the students moving the pictures or labels into the seri ous order utilize the IWBs touch sensitive capability. Graphic re presentments of rainfall entropy or what if questions connected with changes in rainfall can all be presented on the IWB. The IWB allows questions to be investigated and extra dimensions to be added, such as a 3 dimensional view of a rain drop or the response to a question regarding the different forms of water solid (e.g. show ice cubes to glaciers), gas (e.g. show animated kettle boiling or a steam train running) or liquid (show rivers, seas etc). Notes can be added as the subject is discussed and saved for review the next time.It has been commented that, even as early as Key Stage 1, perception can be taught in too theoretical a manner (Charlesworth 2008). Yet in the Ofsted Success in Science report (2008), from which this information apparently derived, the use of an IWB is described as an effective component in a science lesson demonstrating how light works. The teaching strategies included whole class to sma ll throng work, role plays and investigative questioning with the IWB used make notes of the students ideas and aid learning (Ofsted 2008, Sec. 18, p. 16). Although how the IWB was used to aid learning was not actually described, the suggestion is that it was a valued means of contributing to lesson management, flow and effectiveness.Likewise in maths, the IWB can be used to easily display mathematical representations, be they numeral or conceptual, such as numbers or blocks on a clearly visible scale to the whole class. IWBs provide an excellent support to lesson modeling. This issue of visibility is clearly important and to be able to wrangle things such as small blocks or coins to a whole class so all can see has been mentioned frequently, such as one of the teachers in Cogills research into IWB use in primary schools (2002, p. 25). The DfES has produced and continues to do so Interactive article of belief Programs (ITPs) within the Primary National Strategy. For numeracy, these provide curriculum linked interactive programs designed to contribute, not take over, the lesson. otherwise methods include those demonstrated by Cooper et al.(2006) who show simple ways to add to the dynamics of the lesson, for example using games with clipart to play number line football on the IWB and so on. The important point is that the IWB works in combination with other teaching strategies, not at the expense of, or to the exclusion of, a balanced hearty-rounded teaching approach.Equally, the IWB is available to literacy and has an change magnitude array of supporting software (e.g. DfES ITPs). Cooper et al. (2006) exemplify the IWBs ability to provide students with focus through managing the amount of text visible and the method of presentation font size and type, highlighted, shaded, hidden, revealed, coloured etc. This adds a dimension to focusing on text formats, from punctuation to spelling and can be very useful in identifying difference for students and he lping the retention of information. At the same time, the IWB allows for connection to external media, for PowerPoints, video and audio clips, all of which add a dimension to the intended learning if used carefully.IWBs can also be used to create an inclusive environment for students with special ask. As with the font, size and colour changes mentioned above, for students who whitethorn have issues with eyesight or problems interpreting words, IWBs can be used to add a dimension of size and impact. For students who go up it hard to concentrate, the use of interactive, highly visible materials within their range of interest can easily be projected through IWBs, for example using cars as counters or horses as cursors. The ability to use the IWB to gather notes may also enhance assessment opportunities for the teacher and the savable nature of IWB notes means these are accessible when required in an easily usable format. All these elements not only add to the pace of the lesson and appear to add to the pace of the learning, they also add to the teachers resource bank both for teaching and evaluating progress.In essence, it is by chance in the area of ongoing professional development that the creative use of new technologies, such as IWBs, needs to focus. When the teacher is motivated and confident, then that comes through in the teaching tools. Indeed the research looked at for this essay has generally agreed with Wood and Ashfield (2008) that new technologies such as IWBs can provide excellent formats for creating and inspiring creative teaching and learning, yet these await on the teachers knowledge and ability to use the technology to achieve this. Becta supports this in its assessment of research and comes to the conclusion thatIn almost subjects, the more experience the teacher has of using the interactive whiteboard the greater the likeliness of positive attainment gains for pupilsBecta 2007, onlineCropley (2001) argued that creativity is dependent o n a wide range of factors, from cognition to personality, and this has to be considered within the context of the whole classroom environment. IWBs provide teachers with another means of teaching creatively through presentation in altered formats, especially when it comes to communicating with the class as a whole. However it is not alone in encouraging the creative skills of diverging (broad concept connections) and convergent thinking (focused concept connections) or in develop meta-cognitive thinking and accommodation, rather than assimilation, of information.In conclusion, IWBs have the potential to be used extremely creatively for both teachers and students. However, as with many new technologies, their use needs to be supported both by school policy and professional development. As it is likely that these technologies will continue to develop good during the near future, it is not decorous to teach the usage of specific technologies and think that is where it ends. Perhaps an ongoing mentoring program or collaborative approach to planning with a high IT content may help compliment act professional development. The same criteria apply to pre-service teacher training whereby familiarity with current IT needs to be support by an ongoing ability to develop IT capacity. From the students perspective, well planned and imaginatively used IWBs provide a stimulating, engaging and propel means of learning. It is clearly just as important to use this interface as a part of a holistic, well rounded curriculum as well as an area in itself and not enough to assume familiarity with contemporary technology without teaching it.ReferencesAudain, J., David, A., Flute, M., Fielder, S. Cogill, J (2006) You can use an interactive whiteboard for ages 7-11, ScholasticBarber, D., Cooper, L. Meeson, G (2007) Learning and Teaching with Interactive Whiteboards Primary and Early Years, Learning MattersBecta (2007) Becta response to the evaluation of the Primary Schools Whit eboard Expansion project, accessed eleventh January 2009, http//www.becta.org.ukBecta (2004) Getting the most from your Interactive Whiteboard A guide for Primary Schools, accessed tenth January 2009, http//publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/15090.pdfCharlseworth, (2008) Science teaching too theoretical, online article accessed twelfth January 2009, http//www.vnunet.com/vnunet/ tidings/2219313/science-teaching-theoretical-ofstedCogill, J (2003) The use of interactive whiteboards in the primary school set up on pedagogy, in ICT look into Bursaries A Compendium of Research newspaper publishers, ICT in Schools Research and Evaluation Series No, 16, Norwich HMSO, available online at http//publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/DfES-0791-2003.pdf rapscallion=54Cooper, A., J., Botham, K. Cromie, H (2006) You can use an interactive whiteboard for ages 4-7, ScholasticCraft, A (2000) Creativity across the primary curriculum framing and developing practice, capita l of the United Kingdom RoutledgeCropley, A. J. (2001) Creativity in education learning a guide for teachers and educators, Kogan paginateDfES (no date) Interactive Teaching Programs (ITPs), accessed 12th January 2009, http//www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primary/frameworks/library/Mathematics.ICTResources/itps/DfES (2003) Fulfilling the Potential Transforming Teaching and Learning through ICT in Schools, Norwich HMSODfES (2001) Survey of ICT in Schools 2001, Norwich HMSOGardner, H (1983) Frames of approximation The theory of multiple intelligences, Basic Books New YorkJones, A. Vincent, J (2006) Introducing interactive whiteboards into school practice one schools model of teachers mentoring colleagues online article accessed 12th January 2009, http//www.aare.edu.au/06pap/jon06333.pdfLoveless, A (2002) Literature Review in Creativity, New Technologies and Learning Report 4, Futurelab Series, Bristol Futurelab, available online at http//www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/lit_rev iews/Creativity_Reveiw.pdfMachin, S., McNally, S. Silva, O (2006) Summary of articles New technology in schools is there a payoff? Discussion Paper No 55, Centre for the Economics of Education at CEP, accessed 12th January 2009, http//cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs.download.CP199.pdfOfsted (2008) Success in Science, Ref. No.070195, accessed 12th January 2009, www.ofsted.gov.ukSmith, H J., Higgins, S., Wall, K. Miller, J (2005) Interactive whiteboards boon or bandwagon? A critical review of the literature in daybook of Computer aided Learning, Vol. 21, pp. 21-101Sutherland, R., Armstrong, V., Varnes, S., Brawn, R., Breeze, N., Gall, M., Matthewman, S., Olivero, F., Taylor, A., Triggs, P., Wishart, J. John, P (2004) Transforming teaching and learning embedding ICT into everyday classroom practices in Journal of computer Assisted Learning, Vol. 20 (6), pp. 413-425Teachernet (online) Interactive Whiteboards, accessed 10th January 2009, http//www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/ictis/infrastructu re/iwbWood, R. Ashfield, J (2008) The use of the interactive whiteboard for creative teaching and learning in literacy and math a case study in British Journal of educational Technology, Vol. 39 (1), Jan, pp. 84-96Yelland, N (2007) Shift to the Future, Abingdon Routledge

A Report On Mahabalipuram

A Report On MahabalipuramMahabalipuramSince multiplication immemorial, Mahabalipuram has been always been a city whose fame has spread far and wide as being a seat of religion, learning and an important port in the ancient world. Mahabalipuram is located in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu and is home to some(prenominal) architectural monuments built between the 7th and the 9th century.SignificanceMahabalipuram was at the round top of its splendour and glory during the reign of Narasimhavaram and Rajsimhavaram who played an important role in building the many magnificient temples in the city as Mahabalipuram was the second upper-case letter of the Pallava kings. Legend has it that Mahabalipuram was created when master copy Vishnu killed the cruel Mahabali after a fierce battle. at one time known as Mamallapuram, the city was renamed to its present name during the reign of Narasimhavarman 1.AttractionsThe strand Temple The shore temple at Mahabalipuram is a world heritage site as classified by UNESCO and is believed to be the only quick temple amongst the seven shore temples that were originally constructed. Constructed during the 7th century by Narasimha Varman, the temple bears exquisite designs and carvings and is supposed to be the forerunner of Dravidian architecture. Visitors to the temple atomic number 18 greeted by delicately carven dwar palaks, who are said to stand in guard of the deity inside.Arjunas Penance This is a rock structure mold to resemble a whale and was built by Raja Narasimha the first. The either sides of this rock are engrave with exquisite carvings of Gods from the Hindu pantheon, birds, beasts and these figures are carved in such a way that gives an effect of a hurriedness to see the miracle about to happen.Krishna Mandapam This is one of the largest mandapams and is dedicated to Lord Krishna, the mentor and withdraw of the Pandavas. The inside of this mandapam is decorated with carvings that depict incidents from L ord Krishnas life.Varaha Mandapam The Varaha Mandapam lies beside the Arjuna penance and is dedicated to Lord Vishnus Varaha incarnation. The northern wall portrays Lord Vishnu standing on one plunk atop Naga, the snake king attempting to rescue Prithvi, the Goddess of earth. The entrance to this mandapam has two pillars engraved with two horned lions that stand guard at the door of the mandapam.How to excreteIn addition to being a religious centre, Mahabalipuram is also a wanderers delight for the open air museum style sights the city offers. Mahabalipuram is well connected to other cities in India. The Chennai airport is located 60 km from Mahabalipuram. The nearby railhead is Chengalpattu, about 29 km from Mahabalipuram and the city is also well connected by road to Chennai, Kanchipuram and Pondicherry.

Oku no Hosomichi and Tosa nikki Essay -- Comparative, Travel Diaries

Comparing Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki reveals similarities that make one think if they are the very(prenominal) story, and many differences that make it seem theyre clean in divers(prenominal) formats. They both(prenominal) have similarities in that they both are go bad diaries and they both tell of farewells before their move around. Along with the similarities came many differences. The styles of writing of both diaries were different. also Oku no hosomichi had 2 peculiar(prenominal)s in writing that Tosa nikki did non, and was a philosophy when Tosa nikki was not.When analyse Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki there were some similarities. Both Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki shared the characteristic of being a traveling diary of events that took place. Another similarity that the 2 also shared were the farewells described at the beginning of the diary. Both each had friends say goodbye or a celebration.Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki both were travel diaries that w ere just scripted in different format. Oku no hosomichi was not written without dates while Tosa nikki was. Both the diaries told of events that happened during the journey. Oku no hosomichi describes the journey of Bash traveling from capital of Japan to the northerly interior region known as Oku and Tosa nikki described the trip taken to return to Kyoto through the sea.Both Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki have a farewell host before the long journey. For instance, Bash describes the farewell gathering among himself and his close friends. The faint shadow of Mount Fuji and the red blossoms of Ueno and Yanaka were bidding me a last farewell. My friends had got together the night before, and they all came with me on the boat to keep me company for the first few miles. When we got off the b... ...exts was Oku no hosomichi was, in a behavior, a philosophy and Tosa nikki was not. Bash, throughout the journey was trying to find out his own identity through Dao. Dao is the way, an d is experienced. Dao is, in some way, a purpose and that was something Bash was trying to find. Tosa nikki on the other hand, was simply the first diary that achieved literature value and did not have a philosophical meaning.From comparing the two works of art, I have revealed the similarities and differences within them. Oku no hosomichi and Tosa nikki both share some characteristics equivalent both being travel diaries, moreover also have differences between them like that of Oku no hosomichi being a type of philosophy and Tosa nikki just being the first official travel diary. In the end these two works may seem like the same diary but they are not when you look deep inside their meanings.

King Tutankhamun Essay example -- Egyptian History

top executive TutankhamunKing Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years past during a period known as the New Kingdom. This period of m was called the New Kingdom because it was when the pharaohs united upper and lower Egypt into one estate with the capital being Memphis near current day Cairo. The reason I chose to write a research paper on King Tut is because he is one of the virtually closely known pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun is most well known only by the disco very(prenominal) of his intact grave accent in 1922 by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. King Tut was born in 1343 B.C. into the 18th Dynasty. premature in his life Tutankaten meaning the Living Im historic period of the Aten changed his name to the well-known Tutankamun meaning Living Image of Amun. Tutankhamun began his education at the late age of four learning first to read then to write. He was likely often found himself playing the ancient board game of Senet. The young pharaoh was involved in many spo rts such as swimming, fishing, and hunting. His passion was in hunting waterfowl, hare, gazelle, ibex, antelope, and ostrich. By the time of his death he had acquired forty-six bows the largest of which deliberate six feet in length. King Tutankamun became the pharaoh at the young age of nine years old. He ruled over a troubled field that was in chaos because previous dynasties had alienated their gods. The people loved and adored their young king. Since he was so young he had powerful and undergo advisers mainly Ay and Horemheb the commander-in-chief of the army. During King Tuts reign he and his powerful advisors propriatated the gods and restored the religion and conventional art styles of the early pharaohs as well as rebuild the temples of Amun. King Tut too moved the capitol to Memphis near modern-day Cairo. Being the king of the most large and powerful empire in the ancient world also came with well-nigh perks. The dressing of Tutankhamun was a ritual event carried a way in front of expert courtiers. Some items that were found in his tomb were sandals, necklaces, jewels, kilts, and some undershirts with embroidery around the collar area. Such simple garments would take up to 3,000 hours to hand craft by some estimates. The wearing of gloves by the Egyptians was very rare and reserved for the upper class. Tut had 27 pairs of gloves some of which bore fasten that wasnt reinvented until the 18th century. This ama... ...paintings as well as the coffin of King Tutankhamun. onwards the opening of the tomb novelist Mari Corelli gave a public warning that there would be dire consequences for anyone who entered the sealed tomb. Then just seven weeks after the authorized opening of the tomb Tutankhamuns Curse struck. On April 5th, 1923 Lord Carnarvon died and all sorts of colligate were found such as all the lights in Cairo went out at the same time of his death and also back in England his dog was said to have howled and died at the same time as his owners death. King Tutankhamun has always been and will always be the first pharaoh that I think about when I think about ancient Egypt. His tomb and its treasures symbolize Egypts greatness and multiple centuries of prosperity. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Egypt Land of the Pharaohs By the Editors of Time-Life Books create By The Time Inc. Book Company Copyright 1992 Ancient Civilizations By Christopher Scarre & Brian M. Fagan Published By Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Copyright 1997 Websites www.homepage.powerup.com.au/ancient/ www.kent.wednet.edu/curriculum/soc_studies/Egypt/ www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2815/tut.html

Men and Women Playing a non-traditional Sport for their Gender :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

The Social and Cultural Costs and Benefits of hands and Wo manpower Playing a non-traditional Sport for their GenderThe lines that separate the sexes in gyp shit been historically rooted in societys way of thinking. Though these lines have lately begun to fade, they ar still embedded in the attitudes of the majority of the public. Wo custody and men alike have been and still seated in their respective sports without lots room or access to cross that gender line. These limitations take various forms, such as the availability of opportunities that are given to those that wish to accede certain sports to the media portrayals of athletes crossing these gender boundaries.The costs and sacrifices for an aspiring athlete enter a non-traditional sport for their gender are sometimes overwhelming and unwholesome to their sport career. These athletes a great deal experience the frustration of finding training facilities provide to their gender. More so, the lack of financial support from family or even endorsements seal off athletes from pursuing the best training available. Aside from financial considerations, finding free mentors and coaches willing to blind themselves from the sex of the athlete doesnt come as belatedly as for instance, Diana in Girlfight. Most measurablely, the emotional support that is greatly important in the mental preparedness of an athlete is often not existent. new-fangled children are often discouraged and not offered opportunities to pursue desired sports if they are considered gender bending. In Billy Elliot, though Billy has a square passion and talent for concert dance, it is after much time that his family accepts it. Billys father and brother, busy in mining, a traditionally masculine field, are initially pass judgment of his aspirations mostly because of the stigmas on sexuality placed on male ballet dancers. These stigmas appear throughout numerous sports women who body build or play rough sports like rugby or hockey are often looked at as butch and thus characterized as lesbians. In Pumping branding iron II, Bev appears to have been in the best shape, but she is deemed too masculine to lure a body building competition. Similarly, men who ice skate or are cheerleaders are considered feminine or gay. On the same note, the strengths of men in these non-traditionally male sports are often doubted it is speculated that the male might be weak and cannot handle manlier sports. Even women who enter male dominated sports are considered to be too tender to play.