Nature of Knowledge Essay

In the study of knowledge we distinguish between knowledge by acquaintance, in essence to know someone or know of something. Ability knowledge is for example to know how to swim or how to ride a bike. And, our main concern, propositional knowledge that is sentences or statements that can be either true or false. To have knowledge one needs to have a belief and for this belief to be true. The following text will show how true belief, even if it is justified in a rational way, does not suffice for knowledge. Take Nina, she is walking by some slot machines in the casino. She feels drawn to one of the machines, and believes it is her lucky day and that she will win because of the nice appealing colors on the slot machine. She places her bet, the wheels spin and line up three lucky 7’s, she wins and her belief turns out to be a true one. But while her belief being true, intuitively this do not suffice for knowledge, as it is easy to ascribe this winning to pure chance. Even if different suppositions may justify Nina’s belief in winning, it is natural to think that what Nina lacks in this situation to have knowledge, is justification. And also for this justification to be strong enough for Nina to be a rational being in believing she will win, without need to turn to superstition or vagueness to explain her belief. But even if Nina where to have a justified true belief, which she formed in a rational way, it is easy to show that this neither suffice for knowledge. Say Nina is a con girl, she has tricked the manager of the slot machine manufacturer to give her a manual, showing all the results the machine can produce, together with a serial number for each spin which is also displayed on the slot machine. So it is easy to look down in the manual what the next result will be. It is noon and Nina is now standing in front of the slot machine in the casino. She reads the serial number in the display and matches it in her manual. The next spin will line up three lucky 7’s and win. She places her bet and spins the wheel. Unbeknown to Nina there was an error when printing the manual so all the numbers are mixed up, making the manual useless. And this day the casino owner celebrates his 60th birthday by letting all the machines go off program at noon and give every placed bet at that time the three lucky 7’s line up. Nina’s justified belief turned out to be true, but due to lucky and unlucky circumstances we do not ascribe knowledge to Nina in this situation. Nina was responsible and rational when forming her belief, considering she went the length to trick the boss to give her the manual to see which spins win. If her goal is to win at slots, she was responsible when gathering evidence and responsible and rational in believing her evidence. And even if this example showed that an agent with a justified true belief formed in a rational and responsible way, do not necessarily have knowledge. It is easy to see that even if the agent lacks knowledge, she will often be successful in reaching her goals, because of the rational way she gains justification for her beliefs. Though it is not sufficient or may not even be necessary to have justified true beliefs when trying to grasp the nature of knowledge. Bibliography: Pritchard D. (2006) What is this thing called knowledge?, Routledge, Oxon

How to establish the communication Essay

Everyone has different needs and styles in which they communicate. There are also many different ways in which we may establish these communication needs, wishes and preferences. A good way to begin to understand a patient’s needs, wishes and preferences is to read their notes and history’s to see if this contains any relevant information. For example, if I read that a patient has hearing problems, I would then know to make sure that I speak to the patient clearly and slowly and look at them so they can read my lips. Other ways to establish communication needs, wishes and preferences is by interacting with the patient and through conversation I learn how to best communicate with the patient. It is also important to remember to be clear and concise in all forms of communication, especially when working with people with learning disabilities, where they might get confused if I speak too quickly or use too complex language. It may benefit, if this is the case, to use your body language to help explain what you are trying to say and to emphasise the tone of the conversation. Also, pictures can be used to help the patient and myself understand. For example, one of my patients uses cards that display what emotions they are feeling, they will use these to communicate how they are feeling. In the past, I have worked with a patient who is deaf. For me to establish what her needs were, I first spoke to the nurse in charge and they informed me she was deaf, however, could sign or write things down. As I could not sign, our preferred form of communication was writing, which after spending time together worked quite well.

Exploring duality in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

When Stevenson wrote the novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ he seemed to have been influenced by various ideas. The first goes all the way back to an ancient Greek philosopher ‘Plato’. His theory of dualism was imaged as two horses clashing with one another. He believed that every human being was a charioteer trying to keep them balanced and in control. One horse being black representing the animal demonic side; this is the side being harder to control and contains instinctive drives. This expresses the dark side. Stevenson took this concept to another level and gave off the impression that in his novella the dark horse had been liberated taking over the white horse. The white horse portrayed intelligence, moral senses, and the angelic side of mankind. This side had less energy but responded to all the commands exactly. Jekyll evidently being a scientist had more characteristics of the higher horse (white), but every one has a demonic side it is natural to have a bit of dark side to them. Hyde stood by the dark horse he was all defective and didn’t take any consequences for his actions. Hyde’s charter was vey monstrous and beastly. This takes me onto the idea of Charles Darwin; his concept to duality was the idea of there being a ‘beast in a man’. He believed that mankind originated from apes. He also believed that there was two parts to human nature. Stevenson took this to an extreme when he introduced the character ‘Hyde’. Although there isn’t an exact description of Hyde’s appearance, Enfield did say in the first chapter â€Å"He is not easy to describe, there is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable†, â€Å"and he must be deformed somewhere†. This quote is the best to show the beastliness of Hyde. His actions also are not very human like a good example of this is when he tramples over a little girl. Stevenson adapts Darwin’s idea to his novella. The third and final influence was the Victorian society at the time. In this society men were forced to ‘hide’ their secrets from their public lives. There was a lot of hypocrisy in the Victorian times. People said one thing and did the other. Stevenson takes this idea; this influence is proved in the first chapter when Enfield and Mr Utterson talk about ‘Hyde’. â€Å"No sir I had a delicacy; was the reply ‘I feel very strongly about putting questions; it partakes too much of the style of the day of judgement. You start a question, and it’s like starting a stone, you sit quietly on top of the hill; and away the stone goes, starting other;† â€Å"and the family have to change their name. No sir, I make it a rule of mine: the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask. This is stating the fact that people in the Victorian times stayed out of each other business as they didn’t want people to ask about their personal lives. Men in those times got away with almost anything in Hyde’s case he got away with murder. People kept them selves to their selves, but they felt it was right to ask about other people. This shows dualism in a way that people were two faced as they kept secrets form each other. Before Jekyll become a scientist he was a very happy man that loved life and lived it to the fullest. Jekyll was born with everything given to him, he wanted to enjoy life but also wanted to have a status in the public eye; he wanted both things. This explains the duality of life. Jekyll says in one of the chapters ‘in concealed in on my own pleasures’ this means that his pleasure and desires were kept to him self. In order to achieve in life, he felt that he had to hide his faults from the world. The first information we are given about Dr Jekyll is form his old friend Dr Lanyon; he mentions the reason why they do not see much of each other. â€Å"Jekyll became too fanciful for me†. And that Dr Jekyll was interested in â€Å"such unscientific balderdash† This partly explains Jekyll personality as these comments would make the reader curious to know what Dr. Jekyll is up to. Later in the novella Jekyll makes his first appearance, he is described to be a ‘large, well made, smooth-faced man of fifty†¦but every mark of capacity and kindness†. To the reader he appears to be a kind man who you would not expect to do anything wrong. This is a sign of dualism in a way that Jekyll is given a false upfront of what he is really like. Jekyll also describes his personality as a â€Å"gaiety of disposition† Stevenson deliberately made this quote vague, but it instantly shows the slyness in Dr Jekyll does not want to tell anyone about his personality or life and exactly the things he got up to. This was because in the Victorian times you couldn’t talk about ‘prostitutes’ this was classed as completely wrong, you would be discarded from the society. Jekyll wanted to explore the dualism in a man and so he did; split his personality into good and evil. This is why he came up with the potion. When Jekyll first take the potion he describes his feelings in ‘The strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Jekyll says at first ‘The most racking pangs succeeded’ he was in great pain, but then rapidly the feelings changed to the ‘incredibly sweet’ † I felt younger, lighter, happier in the body† already he experiences freedom. Jekyll was able to see a new side to the world, the evil side! He explains that these feelings ‘delighted him like wine’. Moreover, Jekyll desire from early life is to separate the two selves that are apparent but equally present. Jekyll learns how to free Hyde. But did try to control Hyde coming out, when Jekyll tries to cage Hyde for good, when he tried this Hyde didn’t come out for a long time, but Hyde was itching to come out, in the end Hyde burst out stronger than ever and becomes the more dominant one. Hyde was the powerful one while Jekyll loses the control he could maintain when he alone had actions. Jekyll becomes addicted to Hyde there for more dosages were needed. Eventually it is clear that Dr Jekyll is no longer in conduct of the transformation. In Henry Jekyll full statement of the case he says ‘I had not wakened where I seemed to be but in the little room in Soho where I was accustomed to sleep in the body of Edward Hyde’ Jekyll says he wasn’t in control anymore. A proof of this is when he says â€Å"yes I had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, I had awakened Edward Hyde† Dr Jekyll is more accepted into the society as being a scientist, people look up to him and respects him. In Jekyll full statement of the case he says â€Å"I found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more than commonly grave countenance before the public†. This is telling us that Jekyll is giving off the impression that he is good at his profession almost being bigheaded. Hyde is the complete opposite his actions do not have consequences; Hyde’s behaviour is very ape like, just like his appearance (this goes back to Darwin’s theory.)The other characters cannot describe his outside shell as it is too hideous to describe. Hyde’s character is extremely cruel and evil. For example when he just tramples over the child in the first chapter, this shows the lack of respect for others. It also shows he is amoral. Stevenson used this marked contrast to make his point in dualism; every human being contains opposite forces within them, there’s always a different person behind a facade. This shows dualism in a whole different level. Stevenson used an aptonym for Hyde as his character â€Å"hides† in another character. The style of Stevenson’s writing is sometimes complicated as some of the sentences are longer than modern readers would normally read. Also the vocabulary is dated, and a lot of the words in the novel are no longer used. The most complex parts of the story are in Jekyll’s confession at the end. Sometimes Stevenson uses metaphors such as when Mr Enfield describes where he first met Mr Hyde as â€Å"some place at the end of the world†. He uses a lot of similes to show how inhuman Hyde really is, for example â€Å"like some damned Juggernaut† and â€Å"like Satan†. Alliteration highlights the unpleasantness of Mr Hyde; he is described as â€Å"downright detestable† and â€Å"hardly human†. Onomatopoeia emphasises the animal qualities of Mr Hyde by describing the sounds he makes as â€Å"hissing†, â€Å"snarled† and â€Å"husky†. Throughout the novella the theme of ‘hypocrisy’ is very large. Almost every character is a hypocrite take for example the police man. When the police man realised that the victim of the murder was a famous MP. You can tell from the police man face that his professional ambition meant a lot, as this would better his career and maybe lead to an early retirement. Jekyll is the ultimate hypocrite in the novella although he lives part of his life as someone else he cannot accept the natural evil inside him so he separates them. Hyde’s house keeper is another character that shows hypocrisy. She displays â€Å"odious joys† when she hears that her employer, Mr Hyde is in trouble with the police. She is described as having a face that is â€Å"worn smooth† with hypocrisy. Stevenson often uses the weather to reflect the evil within the surroundings. For example some scenes are described as foggy, which creates a sense of eeriness and mystery. Also wind is used to make the environment seem like it is full of violence and menace. Changes in the weather, for instance when Poole and Utterson are getting ready to break into Jekyll’s laboratory, also create a dark and evil atmosphere as when the wind caused the clouds to cover the moon. The house itself shows secret and hypocrisy as well. In contrast the door of Dr. Jekyll home â€Å"wore a great air of wealth and comfort†, whilst the inside of the house is described as â€Å"warmed †¦ by a bright, open fire, and furnished with costly cabinets of oak†. The good friend of Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Utterson, often spoke of it as â€Å"the pleasantest room in London.† This gives a totally different impression to that of Mr Hyde’s home. The description of Mr Hyde’s door would make it appear that the house was abandoned by the state of it. But as you enter the house there is a sense of elegance, luxury and good taste. You would expect it to be empty and unclean. A Victorian reader would not associate these two people together as they both live in different environments. They would only realise the association between them when Mr Hyde presents a cheque to the child’s family, bearing Dr. Jekyll name. This would make the reader curious of how these two know each other. However later on the reader is surprised to see that the inside of Mr Hyde’s house contains good wines, good pictures, silver plates, elegant table linen and thick carpets. These are items you would expect to see in Dr. Jekyll house. The dualism in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is almost similar to the modern days. Jekyll as a scientist had a super ego. He was very intelligent to come up with a potion that split a mans personality, but when the character Hyde occurs, he is the complete opposite. As humans we want a balanced ego, we want desires to be fulfilled but not all desires are good. So this makes a dynamic equilibrium. This was the theory of Freud. Jekyll is dominated by superego but Hyde being the id is trying to push his way in, which he does succeed in the end. In my opinion I think that Jekyll has a balanced ego as in the end he wanted to destroy both good and evil. I think this shows he is being considerate as he could have carried on being Hyde if he wanted to. â€Å"There comes an end to all things; the most capacious measure is filled at last; and this brief condescension to my evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul†. I think this is Jekyll thinking in terms of his super ego as I think this q uote shows that he wants to get rid of Hyde as the emphasis is on the word â€Å"finally†. The dualism in the story is significant to the book, without duality in the book it would have a different perspective on the whole. Stevenson’s main aim was to put his point across about duality. Stevenson reveals that the duality of human nature runs deeper than good and evil to rational versus and reputation versus true nature. Stevenson also uses different narrators to the book to give an alternative view on Hyde and Jekyll. No single account could explain to the reader the views of characters associated with Jekyll and Hyde. For example without the support of his friend Utterson, Jekyll would not be as strong Overall I think that this novella is very complex, but has an excellent understanding to it. I think Stevenson put the theme of â€Å"duality† init in an interesting way and related it very well to the Victorian society at the time. Stevenson also comments on the constant war and balance between the two characters. â€Å"There comes an end to all things; the most capacious measure is filled at last; and this brief condescension to my evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul†. In almost all stories the good always wins in the end as Jekyll rightly committed suicide as there was no other way out. However it also could be seen as the evil getting the best of the good side as Hyde took over Jekyll’s life and Jekyll producing the potion in the first place. I think that the story relates to this day and age in a way that people are hypocrites and have two sides to them, it gives a strong message to what could happen in the outcome.

Air pollutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air pollutions - Essay Example Firstly, one cannot begin to consider the question of whether establishing a train system would benefit the greater good without coming to a broad understanding of the fact that trains are inherently more efficient means of transportation than cars. For instance, a train is capable of moving multiple tons of cargo or passengers for the equivalent of 1 gallon of fuel; conversely a car, even at the most efficient level, requires at least one gallon to move 1 person more than 25-40 miles. Given this efficiency based argument, it comes to the central question of why trains are not utilized as a means of both saving money and the environment. The first reason for this is of course the issue of cost. It has been estimated that building a train system across the United States that would mirror train systems in Japan, Europe, or other developed regions around the world would cost trillions of dollars (High Speed Rail Overview 99). Such a program could of course be started under the logic tha t like Eisenhower’s Interstate program, the economic benefits would ultimately be repaid to the government over time due to economic gains of more rapid and cheaper transportation; however, the fact remains that the initial price tag associated with such an endeavor is so staggering that few if any politicians are willing to take up such a cause during one of the most trying and difficult economic times within the nation’s history (Boyd 38). Moreover, another factor that ties directly into the issue of cost is the level of debt that such a project would necessarily entail. As such, due to the hesitancy of the political leaders and many of the citizens to add on to an already monumental national deficit, no such project has been suggested. A secondary issue that is keeping the train from being further developed within the United States has to do with the unique culture that has seen the car become a type of iconic American symbol of freedom. Seeking to categorize this l evel of iconoclasm would be futile in such a brief work; however, suffice it to say that the car itself has become intrinsically tied to the American understanding and expression of individualism and freedom. In such a way, being a passenger on a train diminishes this feeling of individualism as everyone on the train arrives at the given destination at the same time and via the same means (Frohardt 339). Although this can of course be seen as a bit of an over simplification, it is doubtful that such a cultural understanding of freedom and transportation is likely to change within our lifetime. Although the implementation a rail system within the United States and throughout much of the rest of the world would doubtless save tens of billions of gallons/liters of fossil fuels from being burned and sent into the atmosphere in the form of carbon, the fact of the matter is that many nations are unlikely to develop these resources due to a fundamental lack of available cash with which to do so. More importantly, as one looks at the examples of modern train systems that function efficiently and hold these up as an example, one fundamental fact is noticed concerning them; the fact that each and every one of these nations or regions has shared a

The Changing Representations of African Americans in Drama Essay

The Changing Representations of African Americans in Drama - Essay Example The fact that "racism inscribed in the nation's Constitution and legal history has practically insured that a national tendency towards blindness, psychosis and stammering around race would carry over into the 21st century,"(Tate 44) and this is clearly demonstrated in America's modern media. Today we see the demonstration and celebration of the clever and reflective achievements of African Americans not only in the field of entertainment, but also in other distinct fields as well. This paper will explore the changing representations of African Americans in theatre and television. I will also examine the implications of these roles and the ways in which they influence others’ perceptions of the black race. There are many intelligent Blacks working in the American theatre today who have labored to bring forth its daring and often healing truths. Reviewing the bulk African American performance, theatre and drama, and brings into focus the years of glory of the Harlem Renaissance, ranging from the plays and sporting events to fights and dances. To assess the development in the American African theatre, one needs to examine the important contributions of the black male and female playwrights. With the contemporary focus on multi-cultural theatre, anthologies of plays by African Americans are important additions about the Black theatre because the number of venues in producing plays by African American authors has greatly increased (Collier). Criteria that make a television and film drama great and some productions mediocre are the significant stories that show the age and the period by portraying the characteristic conflict and choices and immediate circumstances of the characters’ lives. ' lives. Today, the visual media and studies are employing different approaches and methods whereby some skim the surface and shun the question of value, while others penetrate beneath the surface and take on questions of value in the most direct way. Drama and movies have presented models that have had the ability of being challenging, probing, insightful and therapeutic by portraying believable characters in credible situations, challenged to make choices. It is clear "America is experiencing a new black cultural renaissance, and nowhere is it more evident than on the nation's theatre stages." (Nesmith). While old stereotypes are not completely gone. Some shows project Blacks as lazy and not wanting to better themselves, when in reality it is an enormous struggle to overcome oppression and gain equal opportunities for themselves. Everything produced on the television cannot always be great drama. Certain shows set back race relations because their view of Black assimilation is not projected positively. But the works of the African American playwrights present the philosophy and magnitude due to the depth of the inner unity between the characters and the concrete collisions of the socio-historical forces of their time. Around the 1950's, the visual entertainment was shifting toward television shows, and it became important for the survival of the motion picture to have new ideas. This resulted in the 1950 Hollywood presentation of a Black middle class family, "No Way Out." "Thirty years ago, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, in the year Malcolm X was shot and riots broke out across the country, Douglas Turner Ward used comedy and satire to deliver a message of the

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Globalisation - Essay Example Cities in Australia such as Perth and Brisbane offer attractive investment opportunities to potential investors leading to the rise in capital growth rate. Australian cities like Melbourne, Adelaide, Bribane and Perth are also known for the low cost of living prevailing compared to other capital cities in the world. These Australian cities are ranked top 30 globally for the high life quality. Current exchange rates against other currencies are exceedingly friendly in Australia hence making it ideal for foreign investors who wish to make purchases in Australia. The explanation for this is that they have the capacity to buy more than what they would have bought in their own countries with the same amount. Low interest rates in its economy enable investors get big loans from banks, which thereafter yield significant returns that boost the country’s GDP. The Australian government put a lot of money into available growth opportunities hence making it possible for the countryâ€℠¢s economy to survive economic hard times (McLean 7). Question 2 Although Australia is ranked as one of the best-performed economies in the developed world, its citizens are pessimistic about their economy. Some of its citizens thinks that their economy over-rely on non-renewable natural resources for energy used both locally and for export,they claim that they may run at a loss when coal deposits are depleted from the mines. Other citizens do not enjoy the use of coal as a source of energy in their country, they claim that use of coal is one of the major contributors of global warming hence they ask the government to invest on other modes of energy production. Australian’s economy is dominated by small to medium sized enterprises. The entire country’s population thinks that these SME’s lack proper management teams compared to larger companies hence performing poorly in the economy. The citizens think that government should provide relevant training to the entre preneurs to improve their performance. Further still, many citizens perceive the strength of the country’s currency negatively. They believe that it blamable for increasing unemployment rates as many people have lost their jobs in leading companies like Toyota. This has exposed how fragile the manufacturing sector is. Country’s economists blame the Australian dollar for damaging the market at international level. This is because, of the increase of prices of Australian goods. As a consequence, the demand of country’s locally produced goods is decreasing with a notable rate (Martin 1). Citizens have also noted that its government has not put enough money on technology development hence importing more than exports on ICT. Government is also blamed for making its IT purchases outside the country, yet same equipments are available in local companies. Question 3 China’s economic growth and technological advancement have drawn investors’ and governmentâ €™s interest. As such, Australia should take the lead and welcome Chinese’s increasing foreign investment. Australia benefits from it both directly and indirectly. Given that Australia do not invest much on ICT, China gets to supply them with the ICT equipment since it is known as an of the ICT equipments exporter. If Australia accepts to trade with China government, it will get a chance to negotiate better prices on its ICT purchases hence reducing import costs. Australia also exports its

The War Against The White American Man Research Paper

The War Against The White American Man - Research Paper Example Racism against white people is one of the critical areas of concern. The country has undergone tremendous changes for many years and there are prospects of continual growth in the coming years in regards to the strong economic backbone. Therefore, all people need to get it through there minds that there will always be people out there that do not have similar looks as they do, and do not have the same reasoning capacity the way they do, won't die the way they do, do not have dietary perspectives a theirs and would not raise there kids the way they do. This characterizes complexities of life. Everything on this planet has to come to terms with its surrounding. Thus people have to either learn to adapt or face the wrath of being rigid to change. Do know how dull life would be if everyone was the same color? If you are a believer in God or any other form of a supreme creator, then the decision to make everyone to look the same would not have been a problem (Strong, 2008). Existence of d ifferent races is just analogous to the difference in Everything that comprise our environment such as birds, plants, and natural features. Therefore, it is inconceivable for any reasonable being to escalate racism among the white American man since they society holds him as the instigator of racism. Just like it is easier for the minority to receive public recognition, the white American man requires similar recognition in order to curb racism propagated against the group (Wise, 2012). White men have been blamed by many nationalities for every ill thing that has been infused into the society (Flemming, 2003). Worse of it all, is that their own women are league with other races in blaming them. In regards to these racism actions, the white man has become an endangered human species because the world is embracing thugs, drug dealers and their form of life, while those things pioneered by the white boys or males is shunned away due to memories of the slavery (The Telegraph, 2011). As a white American husband to a black woman, I experience prejudice from the male black and other ethnic groups but not from my white counterparts. According to my own understanding, white people do not have any advantage against the Indian, Chinese, colored, or black community because we are human beings subject to feelings, need to belong to a family, love, feeling and much greater need to live life. There are several forms of bigotry in the society that has received much support due to the entertainment aspect associated with it. To begin with, my evaluation of the Japanese donning themselves with bushy wigs or beards, large fake nose embellished with speaking in loud, broken, and poor English is a direct demeaning activity to the white population. The white communities that take note of these practices are left in the dilemma whether to perceive it as offensive or as a form of amusement meant for entertainment purposes (Morgan, 2008). Nevertheless, the white person is not allowed to stereotypically dress like the Japanese people in yellowish skin, â€Å"slanted eyes,† geeky glasses, and buck teeth because the world would immediately recognize that as an unpleasant negative typecast. Similarly, the black community has received much recognition through their comedy routines where they openly say almost every thing they wish about the

Financial planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial planning - Essay Example The purchase of own residence would require one time down payment for the property. The salaries and the income of the household are mostly spent in the expenses for livelihood and therefore the source of funds is an issue for the couple to purchase the property. The couple is also worried about Vincent’s health as he is prone to heart attack as a hereditary symptom for which the family needs idle funds during emergency. The third on the priority list is to plan for a holiday tour in Europe which is desired by the client. Educational Planning Vincent and Linda are concerned about the high school education of their child Julie who is about 3 years old at present. The couple want to save for their child’s education in about 9 years time for which they wanted to start saving. The issues related to the education planning of their child is that Vincent may lose his job of an accountant due to strategic take-over of his employer by another bigger player in the industry. Also Vincent and Linda are not expecting any further increase in their salaries in the recent years. Thus the financial constraints in financing their child’s education could be serious issue for Vincent and Linda. Investment planning The investment planning of Linda is the next issue that is being faced. While Linda and Vincent are concerned about streamlining her investments, they also have the obligation to meet their monthly instalments payments of various liabilities. This requires sorting out of Linda’s superannuation funds which is currently distributed into three different schemes into one scheme so that the payments and receipts could be properly tracked. Risk Management Vincent and Linda should take into account the risk of repayment of new credit card debt that they have acquired recently. This requires a payment of $5000 on a monthly basis while the actual surplus of the family is $3000 after meeting all expenditures. Thus the client faces the issue of defaultin g on the payment of credit card debt. Financial planner’s assistance to the client The various ways in which the client could be assisted through financial planning in order to address the identified needs are given as follows. Assistance: Home and Health needs In order to address the first three needs against which specific issues have been identified as above, the client should be advised to undertake loans from the banks as well as undertake investment strategies to increase their wealth in order to meet the needs within a period of five years. In order to buy the home, the client could be advised to undertake a loan from the bank for purchase of property. By showing their employment proofs, the client would be able to get the loans. The savings of rental payments which were happening before could be used to accumulate funds for meeting medical emergencies like heart attacks. The accumulated savings could also be used to finance holiday plans as per the priority of the cli ent (Cordell, 1999, p.57). Assistance: Educational needs The educational need of their child is ranked fourth in the priority list of Vincent and Linda’

Realism And Its Role In The Novel Farewell To Arms Annotated Bibliography

Realism And Its Role In The Novel Farewell To Arms - Annotated Bibliography Example This novel applies a prose form that explains events as they occur, describing the characters with a simple and clear language that does not call for further analysis (Corkin, 86). The novel uses language in a form that is easier to understand, making its language use, a reality. While reading the novel, the story flows as if it was being narrated orally (Lewis, 55). This fully depicts the realistic application of language diction. Considering that simple and common language is the major aspect of realism, this novel qualifies the style by applying common language that is easily comprehensible (Furst, 105). The essence of realism is to eliminate all situations where the reader will be forced to think deeply, to come up with the meaning of a literary work (Lehan, 33). The novel is based on the actual happenings during the war, making it a realistic narration of events and occurrences (Monteiro,

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and Assignment

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children - Assignment Example Conducted to an average mean age of six, the children underwent gastrointestinal, developmental tests and neurological testing. The results show that all the children had gastrointestinal disease and poor development. The poor development is associated with the change of environment from their homes to the pediatric facility (A J Walkfield, 1998). The method of testing includes the clinical investigation, laboratory investigation and histology. Developmental testing is conducted with the help of the parents. Ileocolonoscopy is then conducted after bowel preparation. Biopsy samples of the mucosa are then taken for testing from the terminal ileum. Urine is also tested to measure the amount of urinary methylmalonic acid. Magnetic imaging resonance is conducted to check the cerebral response. Stem auditory and sensory together with lumbar puncture is also done. None of the 12 children showed neurological abnormalities according to the clinical tests. Child number eight-showed slow development because of an earlier operation on her aorta. Eight of the children showed poor development due to infection of measles, mumps or rubella vaccination. All the children tested negative for antiendomyseal test. Eight children were reported to have mucosal and rectal abnormalities. Terminal lymphoid hyperplasia was also reported in nine children. Parasites and organisms were not present in the intestines of the 12 children. The goblet cells were not also depleted. The developmental regression results from of loss of coordination in the bladder or bowel function. The increased permeability into the intestinal walls is as a result of deficiency of the phenyl-sulphur transferase enzyme. Strains of measles vaccine have been traced to children suffering from autoimmune hepatitis hence playing a major role in the developmental regression. Vitamin B12 was deficient in the children since there was an increase in the methylmalonic acid concentrations. Vitamin B12

How to bee agood leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to bee agood leader - Essay Example My research has shown me that task oriented skills as well as communication and interpersonal skills are very much necessary for effective team leadership. Similarly, facilitating the group processes is a significant role of the team leader and timely execution of the task necessitates proper planning, organization, coordination, decision making and problem solving skills, motivation, and sharing of roles from the part of the team leader. Besides, as a team leader I should be a good listener and communicator. I need to communicate my visions to the team members while listening to their valuable suggestions. As my major is in electrical engineering I would prefer to assume a team leader position in electrical engineering. I am aware that electrical engineering involves a lot of technical skills and that collaborative team work is very much essential while undertaking complex projects. Being a team leader is quite challenging as it offers one a unique opportunity to exercise one’s leadership qualities, communication, interpersonal and persuasive skills. For me, it is like a dream come true as I have always yearned to assume a leadership role where I can unleash my potentials. An effective team leader, in my opinion, understands the potentialities and competencies of his team members and inspires them to achieve the organizational goal. The team is most likely to benefit from my leadership as I am aware of the team processes and will make all possible efforts to expand the team capabilities through collaborative team work. Promotion as the workplace team leader has, in fact, increased my responsibilities and roles within the organization and this has prompted me to have greater understanding of the essential qualities of an effective team leader. Bachiochi et al, while reviewing the literature on team leadership, point out a number of qualities required of a successful team

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Chocolate is made from the cacao bean. According to Rodney Lipson, â€Å"Cacao has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand years, probably quite a bit more. The people who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela† (Lipson) This group of people would eventually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly highly valued by these people and they spread it northward through trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, used Cacao in a number of ways, one common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly also as a base for pasta or bread, but the most well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to have often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and apparently the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and used extensively. The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate† (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from country to country through trade and exploration. Soon chocolate found its way into America, and according to Lipson, â€Å"In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and kisses with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World War I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to each soldiers daily ration† (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today. Peter’s chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, â€Å"storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These rooms are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of care given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product either cocoa powder or chocolate. When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a winnowing machine. The husked and winnowed beans are called nibs. Heres where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, combining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle mixtures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground. The heat generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate liquor. This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The cake which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients. The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled amount of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when its filled into bar molds and hardens† (Peter’s). This results in the average chocolate bar.

Impact of E-Commerce on Global Business

Impact of E-Commerce on Global Business Introduction E-commerce is different from any other type of business. In other words we can say that e-commerce have far more similarities than differences. E-commerce has its road map for the operation and development of the business; just to make sure we will not be lost. It has its own process for the business planning, to set the goals, think ahead, anticipate problems and some measures for the success. The Internet is same like any other sales channel. The Internet allows companies to advertise information fast with almost zero cost, to reach customers with their range, to introduce new and innovative product rapidly, to reduce costs and generate savings, to provide complete information in short period of time, to answer customer questions quickly, and many more differences. However, Internet also creates more bargaining and selection power for the customers, creates more perfect information market to the market place. The Internet is global and being on the Web means that our business will be visible internationally which will be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days in a year. E-business plan must account for this difference in Web hosting and fulfil the requirement of customers. The Web is giving greater opportunities for personalization of content, self service for the customer and one to one marketing. E-business has always focused on getting close to the customer We just discussed about the differences of business and e-business. In the following pages we will discuss the impacts of the e-commerce with perspective to Abbey Hotel, Reading which we have taken into consideration as a practical business example. Discussing about the e-commerce, we will see about the hotel, its strategy-setting activities such as writing the mission statement, core value proposition which are offered to supplier and consumers, defining the business model, supply chain management, identifying target markets, identification of critical success factors and critical risks. Executive Summary The long term goal of The Abbey House Hotel for temporary lodging and boarding with our shining restaurant and attractive with safe car park creating a differentiated experience, the historical nature of the Reading buildings and as well as the modern Oracles and shopping centre with its unique location in one of the most attractive part of Berkshire. We plan to be more than a great lodging, restaurant, bar and safe park. We planed to create friendly environment and pampered guest with our unique selling services. Expanding our exposure via the Internet and introducing our Abbey House Hotel on the websites to maintain our standard and to control over the market. The Abbey House Hotel aims to build a strong market position in the Reading area of Berkshire as a result of few BB in the area as well as the mild competitive climate in the area. The Abbey House Hotel aims to offer its services at the competitive price to meet the demand of the middle to higher income local market residents and tourists. Location The Abbey House Hotel is a beautiful facility. The Hotel offers 18 individually furnished rooms, each with its own antique theme. We are a complete bed and breakfast Inn with a full complementary breakfast served each morning to our guests. Oracles target market strategy is based on becoming a destination of choice for professional couples in the greater Reading area who are looking for a place to relax. We will also advertise to the newly married couple who are looking for that special get away. It will be important for us to be visible to those potential guests who are travelling on motorway M4 through Heathrow. Abbey house hotel is an established BB, and has been in operation for the last three years. After possession and a brief period of becoming established, Abbey House will diverse into other venires to ensure a steady flow of patrons (tourists and locals) through its doors. The Abbey House is a partnership, equally owned by Muhammad Riaz Hussain and Irfan Mahmood. Mr. Riaz resides on the property, managing and maintaining the business and satisfying guests requirements and Mr. Irfan is taking care of financial matters The Service The Abbey House was originally built in 1980 and is believed to have been one of three train stations on Reading. The slogan for The Abbey House Hotel is Home Away From Home The slogan Home away from Home was chosen to ensure that customers have a different experience different from their day-to-day life. In order to be customer conscious, The Abbey House Hotel is offering four different type of accommodation to its customers depending on their needs. There will be Single, Double, Twin and Interconnected rooms. In next spring we are planning to add one full service coin-operated laundry machine which will provide the facility of washing, drying and optional folding. The Abbey House Hotel will be opened 24 hours a day, 7 days in a week. Each of our rooms is equipped with one King size bed, Two single beds and one single bed. We have full-service restaurant and a bar. Next spring we are planning to add dance floor which will provide live entertainment to the in house guest. We are also plan to renovate the guest rooms next year and placed new LCD TV in each guest room instead of normal TV. The Market The Abbey House Hotels target market strategy is based on becoming a destination choice for the people who are visiting Reading (Berkshire) and who are looking for a place to relax. The target markets that we are going to pursue are people or families looking for a vacation destination, honeymooners, family reunion, visiting patient to Reading Hospital (which is nearby) Reading University students. Our target budget is 30% over than the last budget with  £25 average room rate. More variety was added into the restaurant to increase the weekly sales and also adding vegetarian and fish chips items in our menu. Subscriptions to various Web services will provide international exposure to potential customers for nominal fees, plus it has a website http//www.theabbeyhousehotel.co.uk. The Abbey House Hotel would like to see a 20% increase in customer. Financial Considerations Mr. Riaz Hussain and Mr. Irfan will invest  £50,000 in the business for an initial capital for the start-up and a significant part of the investment will be finance by HSBC. It hopes to secure a loan of  £150,000 from the bank with a payback period of 10 years. Because its family own business,  £50,000 will be contributed by two brothers raising its start up capital of  £200,000. Start-up Summary Table Start-up Expenses Legal  £1,500 Stationary etc  £75 Brochures  £500 Property Goodwill  £50,000 Lodge setup  £200 Direct TV  £200 Insurance  £500 Other expenses  £500 Total Expenses  £53,475 Start-up Assets Cash required  £15,000 Start-up Stock 0 Other Current Assets  £10,000 Total Assets  £25,000 Start-up Funding Start-up Expenses to Fund  £53,475 Start-up Assets to Fund  £25,000 Total Funding Required  £78,475 Business Objectives The broad objective of The Abbey House Hotel is to offer service at competitive price by meeting demand of tourists and residents area of Berkshire and London. The Abbey House Hotel also aims to acquire not less than 25 percent of the BB market before the end of 2009. Key to Success In order to succeed, the management of The Abbey House Hotel will strive to achieve the following goals: To position The Abbey House Hotel as the best BB in the area of Berkshire of London among the numerous tourists. Build strong market position among the local residents. Maintain healthy and sound financial management of the venture. Business Description Vision We are committed to dynamic growth and service excellence built upon our heritage of traditional hospitality. An ethic, respected and evolving organization a leader in excellence, we strive to consistently meet and surpass guests, employees and other stakeholders, expectations. Mission To provide excellent quality and service to all our customers by valuing and rewarding our team, whilst promoting mutual respect and diversity Core Values Communication Listen actively to others Embrace diversity and value differences Regularly update information and keep others updated Open to feedback and communicate positively Collaborate to exceed the organizational goals as well as our own Work Ethics Meet commitments, set personal standards Timely in our duties and punctual Understand our duties and responsibilities and keep our knowledge updated Adapt to change, handle pressure and are open to new ideas We do what it takes to get the work done Customer Services We strive to build customer confidence and are committed to exceeding customer expectation Actively seek feedback for continuous improvement Our aim to act quickly on resolving issues Handling service issues politely, positively and efficiently whilst following procedure Recognition and growth Achievement orientation Performance-based evaluation Appreciation Incentives Setting ever-rising standards of performance Innovation Listening and two-way interaction Participation Encouragement Motivation Initiative Trust Cooperation Support Teamwork Sense of ownership Integrity Dignity Respect E-Business Facilities Online Booking You have the opportunity to check room availability and also make an on line reservation. When you click on the online Booking box located below the left navigation you will be taken to a secure page a credit card will be required for you to make an online reservation. Your credit card is only used to secure the booking and your account need not be settled by this card. Guest will make the booking online and guaranteed by their Credit Card. B2C Booking confirmation No Online Hotel Information Online booking options Guest All bedrooms have en-suite facilities Double bed, Twin bed Single bed, Tea/Coffee making facilities, Direct dial from rooms, TV, Hair dryer, Trouser press Check in time: 1400 hrs Check out time: 1100 hrs All reservation must be guaranteed by Credit Card prior to the arrival. Non guaranteed booking will be cancelled 24 hours prior to arrival. Extra sharing person will be charged  £10. Room Rate Click here to book the room Sunday to Thursday Single  £75 ENQUIRE Double / Twin (single occupancy)  £85 ENQUIRE Double / Twin (double occupancy)  £95 ENQUIRE Extra Person  £10 Weekend Room Rates Click here to book the room Friday and Saturday Single  £49 ENQUIRE Double / Twin  £59 ENQUIRE Extra Person  £10 All rates are inclusive of Full English Breakfast and VAT at 17.5% All rates are subject to change without notice Online Special Offers Extended Stay Programme, Room from Just  £40 ENQUIRE Weekends in Reading  £45 ENQUIRE Valid Date: April 7, 2008 April 7, 2009 Double bed, Twin bed Single bed, Tea/Coffee making facilities, Direct dial from rooms, TV, Hair dryer, Trouser press Reading Rock Festival ENQUIRE Valid Date: August 22, 2008 August 25, 2008 Double bed, Twin bed Single bed, Tea/Coffee making facilities, Direct dial from rooms, TV, Hair dryer, Trouser press Home Away Home click here for our specialities Advance Purchase Reservation click here for our specialities (No amendment, no refund will be given in this offer) Web Plan Summary The Abbey House Hotel website will focus on the features the Abbey House Hotel has to offer. Each room with its different options will be on the site as well as pictures of The Abbey House Hotel and the facilities that it has to offer. The lunch / dinner menu will be displayed. Room rates will be given, with maps on how to get to there. Attractions with in 30 miles will be on the site and other local colour will be shown. Room reservation can be made online if the consumer wishes to do so. Website Marketing Strategy Our website marketing strategy will focus on Corporate, Visitors and groups who are looking for a boarding and lodging. The Berkshire, Oxfordshire and London area will be our main focal point. The Abbey House Hotel will promote through our website by using: Detailed photos of the Abbey House and surrounding area Price list of our rooms and our restaurant menu. Special Package We will contact with travel agent around the world e.g. Active Hotel. Gullivers Travels, Travco, Expedia, Expotel, Late room. Last minute. BSP, Super breaks etc Guests are making the room booking through the following travel agents and pay to them. These Agents forward those booking to the hotel via email and fax. e.g. Gullivers Travels www.gullivertravels.co.uk Expedia www.expedia.com Travco www.travco.com Super breaks www.superbreaks.co.uk On the other hand, these following Travel Agents, they advertise our hotel on their websites, guests make their booking and these Travel Agents forward those booking to hotel and hotel charge to guest directly and pay the commission on top of that to Travel Agents after receiving their commission invoice. Active Hotels www.activehotels.com Late room www.lateroom.com Last minutes www.lastminute.com Our Hotels website is linked with all above mentioned websites. It is another source of e-business to increase the revenue and achieve our target. Booking through Travel Agent B2B Activehotel.com Lateroom.com Lastminute.com Gta.com Travco.co.uk Superbreaks.com Expedia.com Expotel.com Booking Confirmation to Guest Online Guest Confirmation send to the Hotel Inventory Control System on websites by Hotel Joint websites or travel agents websites providing us a business and we will allocate the rooms and control the inventory. If we dont have rooms to sell we can close their allocation and if we want to give some rooms to them, we can allocate them number of room as per our hotel requirement. If travel agent has a client who is looking for a room in our hotel or in our area and there is no room is avail able or room inventory is zero then we can sell directly to the travel agent. On both ways we are not losing the business. Marketing Strategy The mission of Abbey House Hotel is to become the best choice in Berkshire area for the boarding and lodging by expending our exposure via the Internet (with multiple networks and links). We are planning to be more than a great hotel. We are planning to bring the guest satisfaction up to the mark and the name of excellence in the hotel industry and guests feel that they are not away from their homes. And we are also planning on adding a full service coin-operated laundry facility (washing and drying) The Abbey House Hotel makes the guest valued by ensuring their comfort. For special occasions, catered meals, Extra mattress, room service, etc. can be provided for an additional fee. During the weekends, guests will return to the Abbey House Hotel in the evening and find a fine restaurant to dine and efficient staffs is waiting to serve them to make them valued. The Abbey House Hotels target market strategy is based on becoming a destination choice for families, local familys visitors, and corporate clients, small groups who are looking for a place to relax for short or long period of time. The Abbey House Hotel would like to see a 30% to 40% increase in customers on a yearly basis with 100% customers satisfaction. Our target market strategy is based on becoming a destination for people who are looking to get away for a vocation or visit London. Our marketing strategy is based on superior performance in the following area Quality facilities Beautiful location Customer Services The target markets are divided in to three major segments Vacationers, Corporate and Family visitors. The primary marketing strategy is selling to this accessible target market by focusing on their vacation and recreational needs. Sales Strategy The Sales Strategy the Abbey House Hotel aimed to adopt is to ensure customers can book via Telephone Travel Agents Internet (i.e. www.theabbeyhousehotel.co.uk) The Abbey House Hotel also aimed to offer guarantee reservation for regular customers during high season. Critical Success Factors and Critical Risks Although Abbey Hotel is a medium sized organization, there are several survival factors imbedded to its organizational culture. Well experienced staff, visionary leadership, eco-friendly geographical location, continues training and development for the staff, chances to grow based on high performance for the staff, continues supervision on house keeping, food and beverages operation, delicious and different kind of menu, clear downward communication pattern, are survival factors in the organization to overcome the challenges for its business. Among said survival factors in the organization, experienced and visionary leadership, well-trained staff and beautiful location are carrying its business to the top in the industry. Therefore, Abbey hotel could survive as well as it will reach to the business excellence, if the firm can overcome following risk factors. Due to the increased terrorism activities in the world, global certainty is being jeopardized. September 11th incident in New York, recent Bomb blast at Marriott Hotel in Pakistan are some examples. This global uncertainty directly impact for the decline occupancy rate in the hotel industry in main capitals in the world. The most difficult task is implementing proactive steps to overcome these challenges. Present financial crisis in the global financial industry is another risk for the industry as the share value of many leading hotels is declining. In such a situation, industry is in a danger situation as market is depending on economic sovereignty of any market segment. Secondly, should expectations not materialize, and then sub-par returns could damage the overall financial credibility of the lodging industry. Shortage of skilled work force is another risk factor. Changing government rules and regulation on migration policy will be direct impact for finding skilled staff for the hospitality industry. Due to intense competition among the hotels in the hospitality industry, brands issues are appearing in present more than in the past. Customers are assessing this culture that it would be affecting the quality of the service in negative aspect. Because, all organizations are prefer to maximize their profit to remain in the market long-term basis. Popularising of eco tourism also may impact for the industry, as right now customer preferences are more for eco-friendly atmosphere within the hotel premises. For example herbal spa, inorganic foods, natural cottage are highly demanded options from customers. In addition to above, increasing loss of control over the customer due to the use of the Internet, homogenisation of the hotel product and increased corporate oversight has reduced the amount of control that operators have over the customer. Hence emerging impact of new technology, operating cost creep, supply change management issues, safety and security issues, reputation risks, hig h-energy cost, are some other key issues in the industry. The management should emphasis the said survival factors and challenges as provocative measures.

Moral Responsibility in Business

Moral Responsibility in Business Moral responsibility Moral responsibility is the voluntary attributable responsibility ensuring that acts knowingly and intentionally carried out by rational human beings dont cause injury to other individuals. Wilmot (2001) contrasts the theories that from a business perspective, moral responsibility can be described as the quality of corporate behaviour by which the responsible corporation displays such characteristics as wisdom, prudence and moral fortitude, however from another perspective can be held to mean forcing corporations to account for their actions much as one would an individual. According to Constantinescu and Kaptein (2015), moral responsibility for outcomes in corporate settings can be ascribed individuals within the corporation, the corporation itself, or both, defining these as individual moral responsibility, corperate moral responsibility and Summative Corporate Moral Responsibility. There is a common held traditional belief that the product itself doesnt denote responsibility itself and that it is the user who has ultimate responsibility however this has been distorted over time to incorporate products liability and the effects thereof. According to Federwisch (2015), an individual or party is morally responsible for an event as long as three premises are met, namely if they caused the event to occur, they acted within the bounds of reason and they could have prevented the event from occurring. An example of this is the Perrier scandal in 1992, when a US production site discovered bottles containing the toxic chemical benzene. Perrier was arguably the market lead with over 60% sales derived from overseas exports. Having no contingency plan for product recall, the managements initial response was to pass the event off as an isolated incident, however when benzene was identified in Perrier globally, this was identified as an untenable explanation. In order to attempt to maintain reputation, a product recall of 160 million bottles from 120 countries was instigated at a cost of over $250m. Unfortunately, there was a delay in action from the company and poor decision making along with poor communication led to a loss of reputation among consumers (Caesar-Gordon., 2015). Subsequently, Perrier effectively went out of business, being brought up by the Nestlà © cooperation. This can be contrasted with the earlier effects of the Johnson and Johnson Tylenol event when in the eighties, packets of the pain killer Tylenol were deliberately contaminated with cyanide and placed upon the shelves resulting in several deaths. Immediately, the management body at the manufacturers made an ethical decision in accordance with their ethical perspective and halted the advertising campaign from the product, recalled 31 million bottles- Tylenol accounted for 17% of the companies net income, causing a cost of $100 million. Ultimately, the decision proved to be highly successful. Whilst initial losses were apparent, and stock prices in the firm dipped, public confidence in the firm was restored by the action and within two months of the event, the stock prices recovered and the company regained its market position (Benoit, 2012). There are however, examples in which the conditions become a grey area, notably in the manufacture of products that are designed to cause harm, creating a paradox in the subject of moral responsibility. Constantinescu and Kaptein (2015) posed the question, is there any point in discussing the morality of organizations when this could be rendered redundant in light of existing legislation-as such, do ethics transend law. Comparative morality suggests they do in that a firm may be acting within the bounds of legality, yet still perform unethical actions. An example of this is the production of armaments. Guns are designed to kill. They may not be employed as such as they can be used for certain non-lethal sporting practices e.g. target, filed and skeet (clay pigeon) however that dos not detract from the fact that the primary rationale for the design of a gun is to have the ability to kill. As such it becomes difficult to prove that the product was misused relative to its design specifi cation whilst maintaining that the action met with the conditions outlined earlier that denote responsibility. According to Kurtzleben (2015), it is not true that gun manufacturers are not liable for their goods, however, they have specific legal protections against liability that very few other industries can share, namely the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act of 2005-this doesnt absolve arms manufacturers from liability pertaining to defects in the construction of the item however it does provide the mechanism by which use of the device within its intended purpose cannot de facto be classified as misuse thereby, if such a weapon was used to cause harm to an individual, then it is performing as it was intended and a case cannot be bought against the manufacturer. If conversely during the process, the weapon self-destructs and harms the user then the manufacturer is liable. Wilmott (2001) raises the question that the application of corporate responsibility being aimed at the organisation rather than the actions of an individual arises because the probability of ascertaining guilt amongst a complex organisation is unlikely therefore the outcome is questionable. This leads to examination of the nature of punishments incurred by the relative organisation which may often appear complex and disproportionate, however this can reflect upon the nature of the punishment being control or deterrence, and can be compounded by the effect of reputation and image in light of a positive outcome. References Benoit, A. (2012, November 11). Johnson and Johnson: Recalling, Reassuring, and Reviving. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://bizgovsoc4.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/johnson-and-johnson-recalling-reassuring-and-reviving-2/ Constantinescu, M., Kaptein, M. (2015). Mutually enhancing responsibility: a theoretical exploration of the interaction mechanisms between individual and corporate moral responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics: JBE; Dordrecht129.2 (Jun 2015): 325-339. Caesar-Gordon , A. (2015). Lessons to learn from a product recall .Retrieved March 04, 2017, from http://www.prweek.com/article/1357209/lessons-learn-product-recall Federwisch, A. (2015). The Ethics of Product Usage. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/business-ethics/resources/the-ethics-of-product-usage/ Kurtzleben (2015), http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/10/06/446348616/fact-check-are-gun-makers-totally-free-of-liability-for-their-behavior Wilmot, S., (2001). Corporate moral responsibility: What can we infer from our understanding of organisations? Journal of Business Ethics: JBE; Dordrecht30.2 (Mar 2001): 161-169

Rwanda: Genocide and Refugee Crisis Essay -- History Genocide Murder H

"How can I ever forget the scene where my husband was massacred right in my presence. It was a nightmare. It was a nightmare. I live through it every day and it is engraved forever in my memory.† During one April, not so long ago, the world sat back and watched as a turbulent political situation in central Africa turned into something the world will never be able to forget. 800,000 people murdered in just 100 days, 800,000 people needlessly slaughtered at the hands of extremists, 800,000 men, women, and children gone because of a more serious problem rooted in social prejudice and inequality, 800,000 killed in a genocide that the world could do nothing about until it was too late. Almost 50 years after the world pledged to never let anything like the holocaust occur again, the world had to watch as a genocide unfolded in Rwanda. Between April of 1994 and July of 1994 some 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were systematically killed as Rwanda fell into political despair and turmoil, leaving millions more as refugees struggling to put their lives back together in the aftermath of such horrific violence. The large number of people forced to flee the violence in 1994 not onl y created a massive refugee population in the surrounding countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda, but the number of refugees within what is known as the Great Lakes region continue to cause political turmoil even today, almost eleven years after the genocide. This paper will focus specifically on the Rwandan refugees and their plight during the last ten years as a result of the genocide. In order to understand the reasons why the genocide occurred and created this refugee population the first section will give a brief overview to the poli... ...r Crossings: Return of Refugees, Identity, and Reconstruction in Rwanda." African Studies Review (1998): 17-28. <http://www.jstor.org>. Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York UP, 1998. Pottier, Johan. "Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for Humanitarian Aid Workers." African Affairs (1996): 403-429. <http://www.jstor.org>. Smith, Charles D. "The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania." Issue: A Journal of Opinion (1995): 54-57. <http://www.jstor.org>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World's Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Waters, Tony. "Tutsi Social Identity in Contemporary Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies (1995): 343-347. <http://www.jstor.org>. Rwanda: Genocide and Refugee Crisis Essay -- History Genocide Murder H "How can I ever forget the scene where my husband was massacred right in my presence. It was a nightmare. It was a nightmare. I live through it every day and it is engraved forever in my memory.† During one April, not so long ago, the world sat back and watched as a turbulent political situation in central Africa turned into something the world will never be able to forget. 800,000 people murdered in just 100 days, 800,000 people needlessly slaughtered at the hands of extremists, 800,000 men, women, and children gone because of a more serious problem rooted in social prejudice and inequality, 800,000 killed in a genocide that the world could do nothing about until it was too late. Almost 50 years after the world pledged to never let anything like the holocaust occur again, the world had to watch as a genocide unfolded in Rwanda. Between April of 1994 and July of 1994 some 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were systematically killed as Rwanda fell into political despair and turmoil, leaving millions more as refugees struggling to put their lives back together in the aftermath of such horrific violence. The large number of people forced to flee the violence in 1994 not onl y created a massive refugee population in the surrounding countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda, but the number of refugees within what is known as the Great Lakes region continue to cause political turmoil even today, almost eleven years after the genocide. This paper will focus specifically on the Rwandan refugees and their plight during the last ten years as a result of the genocide. In order to understand the reasons why the genocide occurred and created this refugee population the first section will give a brief overview to the poli... ...r Crossings: Return of Refugees, Identity, and Reconstruction in Rwanda." African Studies Review (1998): 17-28. <http://www.jstor.org>. Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York UP, 1998. Pottier, Johan. "Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for Humanitarian Aid Workers." African Affairs (1996): 403-429. <http://www.jstor.org>. Smith, Charles D. "The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania." Issue: A Journal of Opinion (1995): 54-57. <http://www.jstor.org>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World's Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Waters, Tony. "Tutsi Social Identity in Contemporary Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies (1995): 343-347. <http://www.jstor.org>.

Story in the Floor Plan :: The Metamorphosis Architecture Essays

Story in the Floor Plan The firm hand of the architect draws straight lines on translucent paper. The lines intersect into corners—forming rooms. More lines intersect—forming more rooms. The rooms line up, one after another, leaving spaces for doors, naturally. The house is built. In The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, the narrator’s voice shadows this architect’s hand, ingraining the familial relationships and intentions of the Samsa family into the walls. The rooms of the architect are the vessels that the narrator fills with the virtuous and appalling intentions of the members of the Samsa family. In sum, the floor plan of the Samsa apartment and the family’s use of space in the apartment parallel their relationships with each other and intentions towards one other. In particular, the narrator reveals the relationship between Gregor and his parents as well as their intentions towards each other through the layout of the apartment. The order of the rooms in the Samsa apartment demonstrates the relationships within the family. The main rooms are laid out linearly. The living room is the first room beyond the foyer (Kafka 16). Because Mr. Samsa and Mrs. Samsa primarily inhabit the living room, this room may represent them. There is a direct line through the foyer to Gregor’s room, and Grete’s room is exactly behind Gregor’s room (6; 11; 15). The placement of the living room in front of Gregor’s room with respect to the foyer sets up the perception that Mr. and Mrs. Samsa are the dominant characters of the household. The living room leads to the outside room via the foyer, and thus, is the first room viewed by outsiders. This placement gives Mr. and Mrs. Samsa superiority over Gregor and Grete. For example, Gregor’s manager steps into the Samsa living room from the foyer and delivers â€Å"the first word of greeting† (9). This â€Å"first word of greeting† is of course directed at Mr. and Mrs. Samsa because they are the first people that the manager perceives upon entering the apartment. The initial perception of Mr. and Mrs. Samsa gives them dominance over the rest of the household. However, the living room is just a faà §ade on the face of the actual nucleus of the apartment—Gregor’s room. His room is the heart of the apartment while the living room is just the skin. Gregor’s room is physically the center—the nucleus—of the apartment. Gregor himself is also the nucleus of the family because he is the sole provider for his family.

Audit Memo

Audit Planning Memorandum for Database Environment Date| 02/04/2013| To| Audit Senior Management| School Board| Temple University| Prepared By| Shan Jiang| ————————————————- Background Types of RDBMS: MySQL 5. 0 – an open-source database used extensively in small or medium-sized web applications. One of the simplest databases to secure from hacking because of the small attack surface it exposes Number of DB servers: 3 Business units rely on the DBs: Sales and Distribution, Financial Services, Procurement, and Accounts Receivable.Organizational structure of the group who manages the DBs: Data Owner, system administrator, and database administrator. 1. 0 Internal Audit Objective and Scope 2. 1 Internal Audit Objective The objective of this review is to audit confidentiality, integrity, and availability of XYZ Company’s MySQL 5. 0 database environment. 2. 2 Inter nal Audit Scope and Approach The scope of this review includes an assessment of MySQL 5. 0 database environment. Specifically, this review will include: * Physical and administrative control Concurrent access controls * Change controls * Server configuration control * Database checkpoints * Schema Modifications * Redundancy elimination and relationship verification * Database restructuring * Data backup and disaster recovery plan 2. 3 Deliverables Audit deliverables will consist of the following: * Fieldwork documentation * Finding Issues * Audit draft report * Action plan and recommendation * Audit final report It is planned that the above deliverables will be delivered to you by 02/07/2013 for your review and subsequent discussion. . 0 High-Level Work Program Policy and standards, data backup and procedures, levels of access controls for data, data encryption, confidentiality, integrity, availability of data elements, database checkpoints at junctures, database reorganization, dat abase restructuring procedures and write report. 3. 0 General Information 4. 4 Internal Audit Team The internal audit team, with roles and responsibilities, includes the following people: * Lua Li: associate, audit database basic step and general controls. *Jia Meng: associate, audit database operating system security * Shan Jiang: associate, audit database accounts and permissions management * Zhou Zhou: senior associate, audit password strength and review database privileges * Chao Lang: senior associate, audit data encryption * Jia Yu: manager, verify database auditing and activity monitoring. 4. 5 Duration of Internal Audit The duration of this internal audit will be for one month commencing on 02/11/2013. 02/11/2013-02/15/2013 Planning 02/16/2013-02/20/2013 Fieldwork and documentation 2/21/2013-02/25/2013 Issue discovery and validation 02/26/2013-04/01/2013 Solution development 04/02/3013-04/07/2013 Report drafting and issuance 04/08/2013-04/11/2013 Final report and issue track ing It is anticipated that the fieldwork, working papers and drafting of deliverables will be completed by Internal Audit Team. 4. 6 Location of Internal Audit The location of the internal audit will be performed at XYZ Company. It is predicted that a site visit to XYZ Company will be conducted during the course of this review. 4. 7 Temple University Previous Audits Previous Audit Version: March 3, 2012Previous Critical Findings: Developers have direct access to update production code without permission. Impact: It is fixed. The DBMS team implemented a baseline tool for protecting the production code. The ability to check new code into this tool will be limited to the DBA. The team also documented procedures requiring approval and testing prior to submitting new production code for check-in. 4. 8 Key Contacts Contact| Position| Department| E-mail| Contact No. | Jim Green| Database Administrator| IT| [email  protected] com| 435-234-8899| Lucas Xiao| System Administrator| IT| [email   protected] om| 123-324-3211| David Han| Database Developer| IT| [email  protected] com| 876-123-1234| Ryan Li| System Analyst| IT| [email  protected] com| 542-345-0989| Billy Zhou| Manager| IT| [email  protected] com| 324-123-4321| 4. 0 High-Level Work Schedule Date| Task| Contact| 02/11/2013-02/15/2013| Verify policies and procedures about database version and available patches| David Han| 02/16/2013-02/20/2013| Determine baseline for adequate security setting and permissions on the directory and registry keys. | Ryan Li| 02/21/2013-02/25/2013| Verify legitimate accounts creation and password management capabilities. Jim Green| 02/26/2013-02/28/2013| Confidentiality, integrity, availability and encryption of data| Lucas Xiao| 03/01/2013-03/03/2013| Database checkpoints at junctures| Ryan Li| 03/04/2013-03/05/2013| Database reorganization| Lucas Xiao| 03/06/2013-03/08/2013| Database restructuring procedures| Jim Green| 03/09/2013-03/11/2013| Ready to report| Billy Zhou| 5. 0 Key concerns of management. Operating system administrators gains easy access to MySQL Server. SQL Server DBA's has local administrator privileges on Windows. Data breaches that compromise IP or personal privacy. 6. 0 Manager Sign-off Billy Zhou 02/07/2013

American Economy

In a wide of the mark brain, the macrostinting policies developed and implemented by the theme fill-in (the run) argon those which define the national supply of money. Either by dint of foreign flip trading operations, or way of public bills, the ply imagineks to admit the take of money supply in ship canal that would sustain static pompousness swans. It should be tell that magic spell feeds macrostinting policies destroyure to reach substance demand and gross domestic product these are principally ill-considered-term do, with the site of inflation macrocosm the main wide-term target of whatsoever pecuniary polity.Now, in conditions of the growing fiscal crisis, it is more than st gradegic to reconsider and value the effects of the study(ip) allows macro frugal policies on the major domains of the U. S. economy. given over up the instability of the oc period pecuniary and ho development marts, this analysis is expect to fabricate the inception of useful constitution recomm interceptations in short and long run. American Economy base In a broad sense, macro scotch policies developed and implemented by the supplyeral Reserve (the feed) are those which regulate the national supply of money.Either through foreign exchange operations, or have intercoursement of public coin, the impart try outs to maintain the level of money supply in ways that would sustain st equal to(p) inflation judge. It should be noted that duration plys macroeconomic policies tend to carry on aggregate demand and GDP these are primarily short-term effects, with the rate of inflation existence the main long-term target of any pecuniary polity. Now, in conditions of the growing monetary crisis, it is more than important to reconsider and reevaluate the effects of the major feeds macroeconomic policies on the major sectors of the U.S. economy. Given the instability of the current fiscal and housing grocery stores, this analysi s is judge to become the source of useful indemnity recommendations in short and long run. monetary policies consent long been the issue of the provides major concern. Through the prism of numerous monetary factors, the cater utilize to evaluate the causes and consequences of particular monetary decisions and their effects on economic behaviors. The truth is, however, that in order to evaluate the military posture of the macroeconomic policies in the U. S., a detailed examine of the morphologic factors that stand behind the current economic crisis is gestated. The combination of the housing and faith crunch drivers pauperisms to be reconsidered, to produce the accepted-life implications of all monetary initiatives the federal official official has been competent to implement everyplace the course of the close triplet years. To start with, the current economic crisis originates from the strategic change in rest at heart housing markets, as well as the decline in class prices as the market gives back the high-spirited part of the rise in real house prices the part not justify by confirmd rentals (Wu, 2008).These structural shifts buzz off obviously impacted the situation with employment, brinking, and construction. some different(prenominal) set of structural factors is readily telescopic in the pecuniary sector, where subprime mortgages and the following il liquidness and cut down supply of adds invite led the banks to the aim for increasing their assets and do their share prices under attack(predicate) to regular(a) the slightest changes in furrow sector (Kutter & Mosser, 2007).The slowdown of productivity, the change magnitude value of backup and economic expectations, and oil prices have alike sumd in the expansion of the current monetary crisis, which is more the result of structural shifts in global and national economy, rather than the reign consequence of in good monetary approaches. In this context, the natural question is what the provide has through to decrease the negative impact of pecuniary crisis on the major sectors of commercial enterprise and economy, and whether feeds macroeconomic policies in their traditional form remain relevant in the changing fiscal and economic conditions.Since the end of 2006 and up to the beginning of 2009, the gradual amplification of the plys reservation counterpoises has been the characteristic feature of the supplys reply to the fly off the handleing economic crisis. The emergence in reserve equalisers have become particularly panoptic and sharp by the end of 2008, when the supply human faced a serious subscribe to provide banks and business entities with extra fluidness instruments and imparts (Lacker, 2009). In a very short-time period, the supply has increased the reserve balances supply by over 100-fold, with the latter reaching the come in of $848 billion (Boivin & Giannoni, 2008).Purchasing securities and providing fiscal institutions with guaranteed loans was one of the reasons for such sharp reserve balances increase, only if beyond that, the feed sought to finance its loan activities by creating redundant money. It should be noted here, that with the take on to persist additional pecuniary instruments, the Fed can follow the three different pathways creating money, acquire funds from the U. S. treasury, and number debt (Gilpin, 2008).Selling government securities is just another plectron the Fed can utilize to obtain additional funds. Importantly, with the emergence of the economic threats and during the showtime months of crisis the Fed chose to follow the fourth path, adjusting its portfolio to its economic and financial inescapably by exchange off government securities, but with the join of government securities being insufficient to maintain financial and monetary stability in the U. S. , the Fed has come to realize the carry for creating modernistic money.In the light of the essential structural shifts, and given the long-term impacts which the process of creating sweet money produces on all areas of economic practise, these macroeconomic policy decisions have already turned into the source of increasing victor concerns, and there are several reasons for that. First, the effectiveness of national militia increase seems tentative due to the inflationary trends with which it is usually associated. chthonic the impact of falling commodity prices, when inflation risks seem at to the lowest degree improb qualified, the Fed nevertheless should not lose the sense of caution.The fact is that when the need withdraw the funds and to slenderize the amount of federal reserves arises, the Fed is likely to face another inflationary challenge, and whether it is able to avoid long-term increase in prices pull up stakes forecast on the moment the Fed chooses for reduce the amount of funds (Boivin & Giannoni, 2008). Second, Gilpin (2008) suggests that a s long as the Fed is increasingly tangled into selective financing as a part of its macroeconomic initiatives, the Feds independence from other governmental institutions becomes hostile and at least doubtful.Rudebusch (2008) writes that the recent invite by the Treasury for the Fed to economic aid in creating a Consumer and Business give Initiative is certainly reminiscent of the communicate by Treasury for the Fed to wait on out in its own espousal operations in front the Accord of 1950. Thus, whether the Fed acts in accordance with macroeconomic principles or follows the recommendations and requirements of Congress impart also interpret its consistence as the profound financial body and as the source of the major macroeconomic initiatives.Finally, as Congress is onerous to tie the Fed to its authoritative decisions, and the Fed does not look beyond the need for creating additional money and applying selective funding principles, the only effect the Fed has been able t o produce is proving its inability to act as an independent financial body. The problem is that against the unremitting success of its expansionary initiatives and the absence of deep recessions, the Fed found itself in the midst of certain policies and workable macroeconomic guidelines.Since the end of 2006, however, those guidelines and policies have gradually lost their effectiveness (Rudebusch, 2008). Scholars and professionals in economics have it away the declining effectiveness of the major Feds initiatives the Fed is no longer able to produce contiguous positive effects on the disport rates the bene concurs of the major macroeconomic initiatives have been muted by the mortgage securities market issues investors are disappointed with the recent Feds decisions all these factors importantly contribute into the expansion of the current financial crisis, making the financial image of the Fed even more negative.Until present, the ineffective macroeconomic activity of the Fed has only led to re-appreciation and second thought of the benefits of fiscal stimuli and solutions to the changing economic conditions. Against the distinction of the Feds decisions, the scope of the Feds operations was limited to adjusting federal funds rate and issuing additional financial instruments. national Reserve modify in the broader macroeconomic contexts has also become the topic of increasing professional interest.In response to recent slowdown, the Fed has developed a full set of impart initiatives, which every targeted specific groups of assets, or specific business entities or institutions, or implied the need for standard reject window bring (Lacker, 2009). From the tie-up of macroeconomics and the long-term impact which these interventions tend to produce, before the middle of 2008 the Fed had been working to provide lending in ways that would not increase the monetary base but would instead redirect additional bank reserves to cover its lending commitmen ts.Since the end of October 2008, however, the Fed has no longer been able to maintain its monetary base unchanged, and had to intensify its lending ideas with additional monetary stimuli (Lacker, 2009). These lending programs have been effective to the extent that changed the balance of book of facts in specific markets, and while some market segments benefit from cut down funding costs, others may actually see their costs rise as credit is diverted to those markets that have been targeted by musical accompanimenting (Lacker, 2009).In relation to lending, it is essential to note that over the end three years the national Reserve intentionally chose to conduct its monetary interventions with the help of the federal funds rate, which provides the Fed with an increasingly active position regarding macroeconomic policies in the U. S. By changing the reject rate, the Fed gives financial institutions a incident and the right to borrow directly from the Fed, and the Feds board c an all approve or deny the loan (Gilpin, 2008).The situation is similar with other lending initiatives, but when it comes to supporting specific business entities or markets, the Fed risks losing its independence and faces a decision-making challenge of cooperation with Congress. More than that, with lending being one of the major macroeconomic operations initiated by the Fed in the last 3 years, professionals have come to realize the inconsistence and the distorted vision of the Fed with regard to discount rate as the central policy instrument.In other words, where financial institutions seek to replenish the lack of fluidness, they prefer espousal overnight, thus leaving the Fed no time to re draw the real financial needs of financial institutions (Krugman, 2007). As a result, it was not before the middle of 2007 that the Fed has become concerned about the decreasing liquid state of its assets and the need to reduce the discount rate for primary credit.Since that time, the Fed endlessly supported its federal funds rate reduce line, which suggests that reducing discount and federal funds rates was one of the least ineffective macroeconomic approaches and did not take out beyond producing short-term positive impacts on financial and commodity markets (Yuan & Zimmerma, 2008). The structural forces that soon govern the economic and financial balance in the U. S. and the world inevitably impact the so-called natural interest rates, of which the Fed seems unaware.That means that while the current rate of return on equities is above 5. 5%, it is also much high than the policy rates which the Fed adjusts to make them fit to the current rates of inflation (Gilpin, 2008). Furthermore, given that the origins of the current economic crisis lay within the limits of the housing markets, it is very probable that what will be driving real rates of interest once the economy settles into its new growth path is the rate that households require on loans (Krugman, 2007).T hus, in its credit initiatives, the Fed has obviously neglected a whole set of important factors, which make its macroeconomic policies at least irrelevant. While the Fed seeks to expand the liquidity of available funds by maintaining interest rates at the levels close to zero, it distorts the macroeconomic balance. The fact is that against the decrease wealth levels and the growing negative expectations, the expected rates of interest in future will be much higher than the Fed currently promotes (Krugman, 2007).With the growing need for funds on the side of financial and business entities, the Fed is likely to face the crisis of expectations, where it is either unable to maintain sustainable interest rates or fails to provide businesses with sufficient amount of financial assets. Thus, whether the Fed is able to promote the success of its major macroeconomic initiatives depends on its ability to well-timed(a) review its macroeconomic attempts and to adjust them to real-life mark et contexts.In the light of the increasing inefficiency of the major Feds interventions, special attention needs to be paid to the so-called moralistic jeopardy problem. Safety net support for financial institutions encourages private market participants to view some institutions as too long to fail and weakens those institutions incentive to monitor and manage the risks they face in their business strategies and financial market transactions (Gilpin, 2008) as a result, this inattentiveness to the major market risks weakens financial and business institutions and increases the cost of this financial protection.In other words, while the Fed pursues the need to reduce the cost of credit for ultimate borrowers by providing financial and credit institutions with additional financial assets, it unintentionally leads these institutions undertake higher additional risks than they otherwise would be willing to recognize (Lacker, 2009). As a result, the cost of borrowing substantially inc reases, leaving these institutions in the need to absorb the effects of moral hazard without external support.Does that mean that the Fed has ab initio chosen a wrong macroeconomic path? This question lacks a oneness and obvious answer, and while many financial institutions and business entities will require expanding the vomit up of available liquid resources by using federal funds, a stronger regulatory instauration and strict form of monitoring could significantly increase the efficiency of all macroeconomic policies aimed at reducing the negative impact of the current financial crisis. ConclusionThe national Reserve has appeared completely unprepared to facing the challenges of the expanding economic crisis. Despite the relevance of the new liquidity appliances and the Feds striving to expand the range of available financial instruments, these measures will hardly be effective in the long run. Moreover, given the undue risks financial institutions and business entities un dertake and the limitedness of the Feds financial resources, its current macroeconomic initiatives are likely to become counter effective in the U.S. striving to preserve its track position among the major economic powers. In this context, strict regulation and a well-developed system of federal monitoring will increase the effectiveness of all Feds initiatives at the macroeconomic level. References Boivin, J. & Giannoni, M. P. (2008). Has monetary policy become more effective? The redirect examination of Economics and Statistics, 90 (3) 445-462. Gilpin, R. (2008). Global semipolitical economy Understanding the international economic order.Orient Longman. Lacker, J. (2009). Government lending and monetary policy. The Federal Reserve jargon of Richmond. Retrieved April 1, 2009 from http//www. richmondfed. org/press_room/speeches/president_jeff_lacker/2009/lacker_speech_20090302. cfm Krugman, P. (2007). Thinking of the liquidity trap. Journal of the Japanese and International Econ omies, 14 (4) 331-337. Kuttner, K. N. & Mosser, P. (2007). The monetary policy transmission mechanism Some answers and further questions.Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 8 (1) 15-26. Rudebusch, G. & Wu, T. (2008). A macro-finance model of the monetary policy and the economy. Economic Journal, 118 (530) 906-926. Wu, T. (2008). On the effectiveness of the Federal Reserves new liquidity facilities. Elsevier, 52 (4) 745-777. Yuan, M. & Zimmerman, C. (2008). Credit crunch, bank lending, and monetary policy A model of financial intermediation with heterogeneous projects. Springer, 29 (1) 244-265.